Compositions containing transparent polyamides for use in making golf balls

ABSTRACT

Multi-layered golf balls having at least one layer made of a polyamide composition containing a transparent polyamide polymer are provided. The transparent polyamide may be blended with other transparent or non-transparent polyamides. Thermoplastic polyamide elastomers such as polyether-amide block copolymers may be used. In one version, the composition comprises a blend of transparent polyamide, acid anhydride-modified polyolefin, and plasticizer. The golf ball includes a core having at least one layer and a cover having at least one layer. The polyamide composition may be used to form any core, cover, or other layer in the golf ball. In one version, the polyamide composition is used to form the inner cover layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending, co-assignedU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/285,871 having a filing date of May23, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of co-pending, co-assignedU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/451,671 having a filing date of Apr.20, 2012, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to multi-layered golf balls andmore particularly to golf balls having at least one layer made ofpolyamide compositions. The golf ball includes a core having at leastone layer and a cover having at least one layer. The polyamidecomposition may be used to form any core, cover, or other layer in thegolf ball. Preferably, a polyamide homopolymer, copolymer, blend oralloy having a transparent optical nature is used in the composition.

2. Brief Review of the Related Art

Multi-layered, solid golf balls are used today by recreational andprofessional golfers. Basically, these golf balls contain an inner coreprotected by a cover. The core acts as the primary engine for the balland the cover helps provide the ball with durability andwear-resistance. The core and cover may be single or multi-layered. Forexample, three-piece golf balls having an inner core, inner cover layer,and outer cover layer are popular. In other instances, golfers will usea four-piece ball containing a dual-core (inner core and surroundingouter-core layer) and dual-cover (inner cover layer and surroundingouter cover layer). Intermediate layer(s) may be disposed between thecore and cover layers to impart various properties. Thus, five-piece andeven six-piece balls can be made. Normally, the core layers are made ofa natural or synthetic rubber material or highly neutralized ionomerpolymers (HNPs). These ionomer polymers are typically copolymers ofethylene and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid that are partially orfully neutralized. Metal ions such as sodium, lithium, zinc, andmagnesium are used to neutralize the acid groups in the copolymer.

Such ethylene acid copolymer ionomer resins are relatively hardmaterials having good durability, cut-resistance, and toughness. Theionomers may be used to make cover, intermediate, and core layers. Whenused as a core material, the hard ionomer resin helps impart a higherinitial velocity to the golf ball. This is particularly advantageous fordriver shots off the tee. The ball tends to have good flight distance.However, one disadvantageous feature of such balls is they tend to havea hard “feel.” Some players experience a harsher, less comfortable feelwhen their club face makes contact with these hard balls. The playersenses less control and the harder ball tends to have low initial spin.It is generally more difficult to hit hard balls with the proper touchand control. This can be particularly troublesome when making approachshots with irons near the green.

Thus, the industry has looked at numerous non-ionomeric materials suchas polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyureas,fluoropolymers, polyvinyl chlorides, polycarbonates, polyethers,polyimides, and the like for making components and layers in golf balls.For example, Kim et al, US Patent Application Publication US2010/0167845 discloses golf balls having a core, at least oneintermediate layer, and at least one cover layer prepared from blends ofpolyamides with functional polymer modifiers of the polyamide. Thefunctional modifier of the polyamide can include ∝-olefin copolymers orterpolymers having a glycidyl group, hydroxyl group, maleic anhydridegroup, or carboxylic group. The polyamide composition is preferablyblended with a polyalkenamer rubber/functionalized organic modifiermaterial.

Sullivan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,774 discloses a multi-layered golfball having a core, intermediate layer, and cover. The intermediatelayer is made of a composition comprising a non-ionomeric acid polymerand non-ionomeric stiffening polymer including blends of polyamides andpolypropylene and polyethylene copolymers that have been grafted withmaleic anhydride or sulfonate groups.

In Rajagopalan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,690 golf balls having atleast one layer formed from a composition comprising a polyamide andnon-ionomeric material including grafted or non-graftedmetallocene-catalyzed olefinic polymers such as polyethylene andcopolymers of ethylene are disclosed. The olefinic polymers may alsocontain functional groups such as epoxy, anhydride, amine, oxazoline,sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, and their salts.

Although some non-ionomeric compositions containing polyamides asmentioned above may be somewhat effective for making certain componentsand layers in a golf ball, there is still a need for new compositionsthat can impart high quality performance properties to the ball.Particularly, there is a continuing need for improved core constructionsin golf balls. The core material should have good toughness and providethe ball with high resiliency. The core material, however, should not beexcessively hard and stiff so that properties such as feel, softness,and spin control are sacrificed. The present invention provides golfballs having an optimum combination of properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to multi-layered golf balls andmore particularly to golf balls having at least one layer made ofpolyamide compositions. In one version, the ball comprises a dual corehaving an inner core and surrounding outer core layer; and a coverhaving at least one layer disposed about the core structure. The innercore has an outer surface and geometric center, while the outer corelayer has an outer surface and inner surface. In one preferredembodiment, the inner core comprises a rubber composition and the outercore layer comprises a polyamide composition. In particular, thepolyamide composition comprises: i) about 40 to about 100% by weighttransparent polyamide. In one version, the geometric center of the innercore and surface of the outer core layer each has hardness, and thesurface hardness of the outer core layer is greater than the centerhardness of the inner core.

Suitable transparent polyamides have an amorphous, quasi-amorphous,semicrystalline, or microcrystalline structure. In one particularlypreferred version, the polyamide composition comprises a transparentpolyether-amide block copolymer. In some instances, the polyamidecomposition may comprise a blend of transparent polyamides, or a blendof transparent and non-transparent polyamides. In one preferred version,a transparent polyamide is used in the composition, and the transparentpolyamide has a glass transition (Tg) temperature in the range of about75° to about 160° C., preferably 80° C. to 95° C. The transparentpolyamide preferably has a Charpy notched impact-resistance value of atleast about 15 kJ/m² at 23° C., and preferably at least 50 kJ/m² at 23°C. In one instance, the transparent polyamide has a ratio of Charpynotched impact-resistance measured at 23° C. to Charpy notchedimpact-resistance measured at −30° C. of at least about 2.0, andpreferably at least about 4.0. Preferably, the transparent polyamide hasa transparency of at least about 85% and more preferably at least about90%.

In one version, the center hardness of the inner core is about 15 ShoreD or greater, and the surface hardness of the outer core layer is about40 Shore D or greater, whereby the surface hardness of the outer corelayer is greater than the center hardness of the inner core.

The polyamide compositions of this invention may be used in one or morecore, intermediate or cover layers. For instance, the compositions maybe used in an innermost core or center layer, an intermediate corelayer, or in an outermost core layer. The composition also may be used,for example, in an inner, intermediate or outermost cover layer. Thecompositions have a good combination of properties including Coefficientof Restitution (COR) and compression so that they can be used to makevarious golf ball layers. In one version, a molded sphere comprising apolyamide composition of about 40 to about 100% transparent polyamidehas a COR of at least about 0.700, preferably at least about 0.750; anAtti Compression of at least about 90, preferably at least about 150;and Shore D surface hardness of about 60 to about 80, preferably about65 to about 75.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features that are characteristic of the present invention areset forth in the appended claims. However, the preferred embodiments ofthe invention, together with further objects and attendant advantages,are best understood by reference to the following detailed descriptionin connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball having adual-core comprising an inner core/outer core, and a cover layer made inaccordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball having adual-core comprising an inner core/outer core; an inner cover layer; andan outer cover layer made in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the Coefficient of Restitution (COR) of samplepolyamide materials plotted against the Hardness of the samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to golf balls containing atleast one component made from a polyamide composition. Moreparticularly, the polyamide composition comprises about 40 to about 100weight percent of transparent polyamide. The polyamide compositionoptionally may contain an acid anhydride-modified polyolefin and/orplasticizer.

Golf balls having various constructions may be made in accordance withthis invention. For example, golf balls having two-piece, three-piece,four-piece, and five-piece constructions with single or multi-layeredcore, intermediate, and cover portions may be made. The term, “layer” asused herein means generally any spherical portion of the golf ball. Moreparticularly, in one version, a two-piece golf ball having a core andsurrounding cover is made. In another version, a three-piece ballcontaining a dual-core and cover may be made. The dual-core includes aninner core (center) and surrounding outer core layer. Four-piece golfballs comprising a dual-core and dual-cover an inner cover and outercover also may be made. In yet another construction, a four-piece orfive-piece golf ball having a multi-layered core comprising an innercore (center), intermediate core layer, and outer core layer, may bemade. The golf balls of this invention may further contain anintermediate layer(s). As used herein, the term, “intermediate layer”means a layer of the ball disposed between the core and cover. Theintermediate layer also may be referred to as a casing or mantle layer.The diameter and thickness of the different layers along with propertiessuch as hardness and compression may vary depending upon theconstruction and desired playing performance properties of the golfball.

The polyamide-containing compositions disclosed herein may be used inone or more core, intermediate or cover layers. For instance, thecompositions may be used in an innermost core or center layer, andintermediate core layer or in an outermost core layer. Further the layermay be an inner, intermediate or outermost cover layer. For example in agolf ball having a three-layered cover, the polyamide-containingcomposition may be used in any of the three layers, but preferably isused in the inner or intermediate cover layer, or both. Thepolyamide-comprising compositions are thermoplastic compositions and maybe adjacent to another thermoplastic composition or may be adjacent to athermosetting composition. For example, in a three (3) or morelayered-core construction, the center may be a thermosetting rubbercomposition, an intermediate core layer may comprise a polyamide-basedcomposition and the outer core layer may be made from a thermosettingrubber composition. Alternatively, the center and intermediate corelayer may comprise a thermosetting rubber and the outer core layercomprises the thermoplastic polyamide composition, and the like. In atwo-piece construction comprising a core and a cover, either the core orcover or both layers may consist of the polyamide comprisingcomposition.

Transparent Polyamides

Thermoplastic transparent polyamides are used to form the compositionsof this invention. The composition comprises at least one transparentpolyamide. The transparent polyamide by itself, may comprise ahomopolymer, copolymers including block copolymer, or a blend or alloythereof. In one preferred embodiment, the composition further comprisesan acid anhydride-modified polyolefin and/or plasticizer as discussedbelow.

The term, “polymer” refers to, but is not limited to, oligomers,homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, and the like. The polymers mayhave various structures including, but not limited to, regular,irregular, alternating, periodic, random, block, graft, linear,branched, isotactic, syndiotactic, atactic, and the like. Polyamidepolymers include, but are not limited to, polyamide copolymers(copolyamides) having two types of monomers, copolymers having threetypes of monomers, and copolymers having more than three types ofmonomers. Blends and alloys of polyamides also may be made in accordancewith this invention as described further below.

By the term, “transparent,” as used herein, it is meant having a lighttransmission of 50 percent or greater per the test procedures, ASTMD1003, using an Illuminate C light source. In general, transparentpolyamides are classified as having a microcrystalline structure oramorphous structure. Both microcrystalline and amorphous transparentpolyamides may be used in the present invention. It should be understoodthat while a transparent polyamide is preferably included in thecomposition, the final composition may have a transparent, translucent,or opaque optical nature. That is, the final composition may containvarious additives including fillers, coloring agents, dyes, pigments,and the like that effect the optical nature of the composition. By theterm, “translucent,” as used herein, it is meant having a lighttransmission of greater than 1 percent per the test procedures, ASTMD1003, using an Illuminate C light source. Alternatively, the polyamidecomposition has a transparency of at least about 50%, and morepreferably within a range having a lower limit of about 50%, 54%, 58%60%, 65%, 68%, or 70% and an upper limit of about 75%, 75%, 80%, 84%,90%, 92%, 94%, or 95% or greater as measured by ISO 13168-1,2 using a 2mm thick sample measured at a wavelength of 560 nm.

Transparent polyamide polymers are commercially available, and thesepolyamides may be used in accordance with this invention. For example,copolyamides such as Platamid® 8020; semi-aromatic transparentpolyamides such as Rilsan® Clear G170; transparent polyamides such asRilsan® G120 Rnew; Rilsan®G830 Rnew and G830 L Rnew; Rilsan® G850;Rilsan® Clear G350 and G350L; Rilsan® G300 HI; and transparentpolyamides that are partly based on bio-based raw materials such asRilsan® Clear G830, all of which are available from Arkema, Inc. (Kingof Prussia, Pa.), may be used. Other suitable examples include Ultramid®polyamides, available from BASF; and Zytel™ and Dartek™ nylon resins,available from DuPont. EMS-Chemie AG (Domat/EMS, Switzerland) suppliesdifferent grades of transparent polyamides under the Grilamid mark,including; Grilamid® TR 30, TR55, TR90, XE 3997, XE 4028 grades, andthese polyamides may be used per this invention. Grivory® G and GTRtransparent polyamides also are available from EMS-Chemie AG and may beused in the compositions of this invention. Other suitable polyamidesinclude Trogamid® and Vestamid® grades available from Evonik Industries,AG (Essen, Germany); Kopa® grades available from Kolon Plastics, Inc.(Gyeongsanglouk-do, Korea) Durethan® grades available from Lanxess AG(Cologne, Germany); Arlen® grades available from Mitsui Chemicals(Tokyo, Japan); and transparent amorphous nylons such as Ashlene® 726SB,746, 747, 747, 851, D870 and D870L available from Ashley Polymers(Brooklyn, N.Y.). Still other suitable polyamides include RadiciRadilon® CST copolyamides (Chgnolo d'Isola, Italy); Shakespeare Isocor®CN30XT and CN30BT nylon 610 resins (Shakespeare Engineered Nylons ownedby Jarden Applied Materials of Columbia, S.C.), Toyobo Glamide® T-714Enylons (Osaka, Japan); TP Composites Elastoblend® PA12 CL nylons (Aston,Pa.); and Aegis® polyamide compositions, available from HoneywellPlastics (Morris Township, N.J.). Transparent polyamides including, butnot limited to, polyether-amide, polyester-amide, polyether-ester-amideblock copolymers, are particularly suitable for use in the inventionherein, and more particularly, the transparent polyamide copolymers,Rilsan Clear G300 HI, Pebax Clear 300, and Pebax Clear 400 availablefrom Arkema, Inc. (King of Prussia, Pa.) are particularly effective.Some representative examples of such polyamides are described in furtherdetail in Tables IA-D and Tables IIA-D below.

Examples of transparent polyamides that may be used in the presentinvention also are described in the patent literature. For example,transparent homopolyamides and copolyamides which are amorphous or whichexhibit a slight crystallinity such as those described in Montanari etal., US Patent Application Publication US 2010/0140846; Montanari etal., U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,037; and Montanari et al., U.S. Pat. No.8,399,557, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference. Also, amorphous transparent or translucent polyamides thatmay be formed from the condensation of diamines with dicarboxylic acidsor lactams; and blends or alloys of two or more different polyamides, asdescribed in Grimes et al., US Patent Application Publication US2012/0223453, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference, may be used. Polyamide copolymers such as a copolymerscontaining polyether blocks and polyamide blocks as described in Chhun,US Patent Application Publication US 2013/0202831, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference, may be used. The polyamidecopolymers described in the Chhun '831 Publication are resistant to ahigh-velocity impact of at least 76.2 m/s (250 ft/s) according to the EN166 standard; and have a Charpy notched impact strength of at least 90kJ/m² according to the ISO 179 IeU standard; and preferably also has achemical resistance such that it is capable of deforming, in flexion, byimmersion in a solvent according to the ISO 22088-3 standard by at least3% without breaking; that is light, having a density of less than 1.05g/cm³ measured according to the ISO 1183 D standard; and that isflexible and has an elastic modulus of less than 1000 MPa, preferably ofless than 800 MPa, measured according to the ISO 527-2:93-1BA standard.

Transparent polyamides that may be used in accordance with thisinvention also include those polyamides described in Baler, U.S. Pat.No. 6,528,560; Torre et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,136; Baler, U.S. Pat.No. 6,943,231; Thullen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,643; Baler, U.S. Pat.No. 8,507,598; and Hoffmann et al., US Patent Application Publication US2010/0203275, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

In general, polyamides refer to high molecular weight polymers in whichamide linkages (—CONH—) occur along the length of the molecular chain(Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 13^(th) Ed.). Suitablepolyamides for use in the compositions of this invention may beobtained, for example, by: (1) polycondensation of (a) a dicarboxylicacid, such as oxalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, terephthalic acid,isophthalic acid or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, with (b) adiamine, such as ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine,pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, or decamethylenediamine,1,4-cyclohexyldiamine or m-xylylenediamine; (2) a ring-openingpolymerization of cyclic lactam, such as ε-caprolactam or ω-laurolactam;(3) polycondensation of an aminocarboxylic acid, such as 6-aminocaproicacid, 9-aminononanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid or12-aminododecanoic acid; or (4) copolymerization of a cyclic lactam witha dicarboxylic acid and a diamine. Specific examples of suitablepolyamides include, but are not limited to, nylon 6, nylon 6,6; nylon6,10; nylon 11, and nylon 12. Aliphatic and aromatic polyamides andblends thereof may be prepared in accordance with this invention.

In general, polyamide homopolymers and copolymers are suitable for usein this invention. The specific monomers, reaction conditions, and otherfactors will be selected based on the desired polyamide polymer to beproduced. There are two common methods for producing polyamidehomopolymers. In a first method, a compound containing one organicacid-type end group and one amine end group is formed into a cyclicmonomer. The polyamide is then formed from the monomer by a ring-openingpolymerization. These polyamides are commonly designated as nylon 6,nylon 11, nylon 12, and the like, where the number indicates the numberof carbon atoms making up the ring in the monomer. For example, nylon 6is a homopolymer of caprolactam, that is, polycaprolactam.

The second method involves the condensation polymerization of a dibasicacid and a diamine. In general, this reaction takes place as follows:

Conventional polyamides are commonly designated as nylon 4,6; nylon 6,6;nylon 6,9; nylon 6,10; nylon 6,12; and the like, where the first numberindicates the number of carbon atoms connecting the two amine groups inthe diamine and the second number indicates the number of carbon atomsconnecting the two acid groups in the dibasic acid, including those inthe acid groups. For example, nylon 6,6 is the reaction product ofhexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.

Suitable polyamides include nylon 4, nylon 6, nylon 7, nylon 11, nylon12, nylon 13, nylon 4,6; nylon 6,6; nylon 6,9, nylon 6,10; nylon 6,12;nylon 12,12; nylon 13,13; and mixtures thereof. More preferredpolyamides include nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 4,6; nylon 6,6;nylon 6,9; nylon 6,10; nylon 6,12; nylon 6/66; and nylon 6/69 andmixtures thereof.

Compositions of nylon 6, nylon 6,6; nylon 11, and nylon 12 andcopolymers and blends thereof are suitable in the present invention.More specifically, polyamide compositions having mechanical propertiesthat do not significantly change after the composition has been exposedto moisture are particularly effective. These polyamide compositions canbe used to form the outer core layer and protect the inner core frommoisture. The outer core layer encapsulates the inner core so thatfluids do not penetrate therein. Because the polyamide compositions arerelatively stable, they are particularly effective for making the coreor cover layers in accordance with this invention.

More particularly, as noted above, transparent polyamides areparticularly suitable for use in the invention herein. Such transparentpolyamides include transparent polyamide copolymers (copolyamides). Forexample, polyether-amide and polyester-amide block copolymers may beused. Such polyamide copolymers are described, for example, in theabove-mentioned Montanari et al., US Patent Application Publication US2010/0140846; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,376,037 and 8,399,557. It should beunderstood that the term, “polyamide” as used in the present invention,is meant to include copolymers with polyamide blocks and polyetherblocks, i.e., polyether block amide polymers, and the mixtures of thesecopolymers with the preceding polyamides. Polymers with polyamide blocksand polyether blocks result from the copolycondensation of polyamidesequences comprising reactive ends with polyether sequences comprisingreactive ends, such as, inter alia:

-   -   a) polyamide sequences comprising diamine chain ends with        polyoxyalkylene sequences comprising dicarboxylic chain ends,    -   b) polyamide sequences comprising dicarboxylic chain ends with        polyoxyalkylene sequences comprising diamine chain ends obtained        by cyanoethylation and hydrogenation of α′Ω-dihydroxylated        aliphatic polyoxyalkylene sequences, known as polyetherdiols,    -   c) polyamide sequences comprising dicarboxylic chain ends with        polyetherdiols, the products obtained being, in this specific        case, polyetheresteramides.

Polyamide sequences comprising dicarboxylic chain ends originate, forexample, from the condensation of α′Ω-aminocarboxylic acids, of lactamsor of dicarboxylic acids and diamines in the presence of achain-limiting dicarboxylic acid. The polyamide blocks areadvantageously made of polyamide-12. The number-average molar mass ofthe polyamide sequences is between 300 and 15,000 and preferably between600 and 5,000. The mass of the polyether sequences is between 100 and6,000 and preferably between 200 and 3,000.

The polymers with polyamide blocks and polyether blocks can alsocomprise randomly distributed units. These polymers can be prepared bythe simultaneous reaction of the polyether and of the precursors of thepolyamide blocks. For example, polyetherdiol, a lactam (or an .alpha.,.omega.-amino acid) and a chain-limiting diacid can be reacted in thepresence of a small amount of water. A polymer is obtained which hasessentially polyether blocks and polyamide blocks of very variablelength but also the various reactants which have reacted randomly, whichare statistically distributed along the polymer chain.

These polymers with polyamide blocks and polyether blocks, whether theyoriginate from the copolycondensation of polyamide and polyethersequences prepared beforehand or from a one-stage reaction, exhibit, forexample, Shore D hardnesses which can be from 20 to 90 andadvantageously between 25 and 85, more preferably 30 to 80, and evenmore preferably 35 to 78 and an intrinsic viscosity between 0.8 and 2.5,measured in meta-cresol at 25° C.

Whether the polyester blocks derive from polyethylene glycol,polyoxypropylene glycol or polyoxytetramethylene glycol, they are eitherused as is and copolycondensed with polyamide blocks comprisingcarboxylic ends or they are aminated, in order to be converted intopolyetherdiamines, and condensed with polyamide blocks comprisingcarboxylic ends. They can also be mixed with polyamide precursors and achain-limiting agent in order to form polymers with polyamide blocks andpolyether blocks having statistically distributed units. Polymers withpolyamide and polyether blocks are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,331,786, 4,115,475, 4,195,015, 4,839,441, 4,864,014, 4,230,838 and4,332,920. The polyether can be, for example, a polyethylene glycol(PEG), a polypropylene glycol (PPG) or a polytetramethylene glycol(PTMG). The latter is also known as polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF).

Whether the polyether blocks are introduced into the chain of thepolymer with polyamide blocks and polyether blocks in the form of diolsor of diamines, they are known for simplicity as PEG blocks or PPGblocks or PTMG blocks. The polyether blocks also may comprise differentunits, such as units derived from ethylene glycol, from propylene glycolor from tetramethylene glycol. The polymer with polyamide blocks andpolyether blocks is advantageously such that the polyamide is the majorconstituent by weight, that is to say that the amount of polyamide whichis in the form of blocks and that which is optionally statisticallydistributed in the chain represents 50% by weight or more of the polymerwith polyamide blocks and polyether blocks. The amount of polyamide andthe amount of polyether are advantageously, but not necessarily, in theratio (polyamide/polyether) 50/50 to 80/20. The polyamide blocks and thepolyether blocks of the same polymer (B) preferably have masses Mn of1000/1000, 1300/650, 2000/1000, 2600/650 and 4000/1000 respectively.

Some examples of commercially-available transparent polyamides that maybe used in accordance with this invention are shown in the followingTables IA-ID. In the Examples provided in Tables IA-ID, materialproperties of the compositions (100% polyamide), by and in themselves,are provided. The information set forth in Tables IA-ID was reported intechnical data sheets made available by the various commercialsuppliers. These polyamide samples are particularly preferred because oftheir transparent optical nature. In particularly preferred embodiments,the transparent polyamides, Rilsan® G120 Rnew; Rilsan®G830 Rnew; Rilsan®Clear G850; Rilsan® Clear G350; and Rilsan® Clear G300 HI are used.

TABLE IA Properties of Transparent Polyamide Compositions (Density,Melting Point, GlassTransition Temperature, Hardness) Ball IndentationDensity Hardness Shore D Shore D Material Name (g/cm³) MP° c Tg° C. ¹H30 (MPa) ¹⁰ (Peak) ² (15 sec) ² Pebax Clear 300 1.02 160 ¹ 59 53 PebaxClear 400 1.02 159 ¹ 64 56 Rilsan Clear G170 1.05 — 168 84 79 RilsanClear G120 Rnew 1.05 — 120 Rilsan Clear G830 Rnew 1.01 — 135 83 81Rilsan Clear G850 1.01 — 147 Rilsan Clear G350 0.99 — 145 81 78 RilsanClear G300 HI 1.01 215 ¹ 90 77 73 Grilamid TR 30 1.15 159 160 GrilamidTR 55 1.06 — 160 120 Grilamid TR 55 LX 1.04 110 110 Grilamid TR 55 LX 21.03 178 Grilamid TR 55 LZ 1.02 110 90 Grilamid TR 60 1.06 190 GrilamidTR 90 1.00 — 155 90 82 Grilamid TR 90 LXS 1 125 85 Grilamid TR 90 NZ 1155 90 Gilamid TR 90 NZZ 0.99 155 80 Grilamid TR 90 TL 1.02 135 120Grilamid TR 90 UV 1 155 Grilamid TR FE 5575 1.04 110 Grilamid TR XE 36581.04 125 Grilamid TR XE 3805 1 153 Grilamid TR XE 3910 1 153 Grilamid TRXE 3918 1.02 145 Grilamid TR XE 3997 1 155 90 Grilamid TR XE 4028 1.06160 120 Grilamid TR XE 4061 1 155 Grivory GTR45 1.18 125 145 Durethan C38 F 1.13 212 ¹ Zytel 330 NC010 1.18 Isocor CN30BT 1.14 73 Isocor CN30XT1.14 73 Ultramid Seal-Fit 1.1 85/65* Glamide T-714E 1.18 Trogamid CX73231.02 250 ¹² 140 108 81 Trogamid CX9701 1.02 250 ¹² 140 108 81 TrogamidCX9704 1.02 n.d. 132 111 81 Trogamid CX9710 1.02 250 ¹² 140 110 80Trogamid T5000 1.12 — 150 155 87 Trogamid T5002 1.12 — 150 155 86Trogamid T5004 1.12 — 150 150 86 Trogamid TX7389 1.12 — 150 150 86Trogamid BX7304 1.08 — 93 130 84 Vestamid E58-54 1.02 58

TABLE IB Properties of Transparent Polyamide Compositions (Flex Modulus,Tensile Modulus, Stress and Strain at Yield, Stress and Strain at Break)Stress Strain Stress Strain Tensile @ @ @ @ Flex Modulus Modulus YieldYield Break Break Material Name (MPa) ³ (MPa) ⁴ (MPa) ⁴ (%) ⁴ (MPa) ⁴(%) ⁴ Pebax Clear 300 212 49 ⁹ >350 ⁹ Pebax Clear 400 340 54 ⁹ >350 ⁹Rilsan Clear G170 1980 2020 74 9 58 >100 Rilsan Clear G120 Rnew 17501860 68 6 52 >100 Rilsan Clear G830 Rnew 1530 1690 55 7 60 >150 RilsanClear G850 1490 1620 — — 60 >150 Rilsan Clear G350 1340 1480 51 850 >150 Rilsan Clear G300 HI 740  715 24 6 50 >250 Grilamid TR 30 280090 6 60  >50 Grilamid TR 55 2200 75 9 50  >50 Grilamid TR 55 LX 1900 706 40  >50 Grilamid TR 55 LX 2 1800 70 7 45 Grilamid TR 55 LZ 1600 55 640  >50 Grilamid TR 60 2200 75 7 60 Grilamid TR 90 1600 60 6 45  >50Grilamid TR 90 LXS 1500 60 6 40  >50 Grilamid TR 90 NZ 1300 50 7 45  >50Gilamid TR 90 NZZ 1300 50 7 45  >50 Grilamid TR 90 TL 1850 75 7 55  >50Grilamid TR 90 UV 1600 60 6 45  >50 Grilamid TR FE 5575 1900 70 6 40Grilamid TR XE 3658 1800 70 7 45 Grilamid TR XE 3805 1700 65 5 50Grilamid TR XE 3910 1300 50 7 45 Grilamid TR XE 3918 1400 60 7 55Grilamid TR XE 3997 1600 60 6 45  >50 Grilamid TR XE 4028 2200 75 9 50 >50 Grilamid TR XE 4061 1600 60 6 45  >50 Grivory GTR45 3000 100 5 — >50 Durethan C 38 F Zytel 330 NC010 2400 97 6 Isocor CN30BT 2260 ¹³ 70lsocor CN30XT 2260 ¹³ 70 Ultramid Seal-Fit 2500/—* 5/—* Glamide T-714E2600/2500* 97/92* 50/50* Trogamid CX7323 1700 1400 60 8  >50 TrogamidCX9701 1700 1500 60 8  >50 Trogamid CX9704 1520 1400 60 8  >50 TrogamidCX9710 1650 1400 60 8  >50 Trogamid T5000 3000 2800 90 8  >50 TrogamidT5002 3000 2800 90 8  >50 Trogamid T5004 3000 2800 90 8  >50 TrogamidTX7389 3000 2700 88 8  >50 Trogamid BX7304 2700 2200 82 6  >50 VestamidE58-54  185 — — 39 >200

TABLE IC Properties of Transparent Polyamide Compositions (NotchedCharpy Impact-Resistance) Notched Charpy Notched Charpy Notched CharpyDifference @ −30° C. Notched Charpy Ratio 23° C./ 23° C. minus −30° C.or −40° C. @ 23° C. −30° C. or −40° C. Polymer Material Name (kJ/m²) ⁵(kJ/m²) ⁵ (kJ/m²) ⁵ (kJ/m²) ⁵ Nomenclature Pebax Clear 300 No No PABreak Break Pebax Clear 400 No No PA Break Break Rilsan Clear G170 13 131.0 0 PA Rilsan Clear G120 Rnew — — — — PA Rilsan Clear G830 Rnew 10 111.1 1 PA Rilsan Clear G850 — 11 — — PA Rilsan Clear G350 10 12 1.2 2 PARilsan Clear G300 HI 19 94 4.9 75 PA Grilamid TR 30 12 12 1.0 0 PA 6I/6TGrilamid TR 55 7 8 1.1 1 PA 12/MACMI Grilamid TR 55 LX 8 9 1.1 1 PA12/MACMI + PA 12 Grilamid TR 55 LX 2 7 8 1.1 1 PA 12/MACMI + PA 12Grilamid TR 55 LZ 8 20 2.5 12 PA 12/MACMI + PA 12 Grilamid TR 60 10 101.0 0 PA MACMI/MACMT/12 Grilamid TR 90 12 13 1.1 1 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR90 LXS 12 9 0.8 −3 PA MACM12 + PA12 Grilamid TR 90 NZ 15 22 1.5 7 PAMACM12 Gilamid TR 90 NZZ 25 60 2.4 35 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR 90 TL 11 100.9 −1 PA MACM 12 + MACM/MACMT/12 Grilamid TR 90 UV 9 10 1.1 1 PA MACM12Grilamid TR FE 5575 8 9 1.1 1 PA MACM12 + PA12 Grilamid TR XE 3658 5 61.2 1 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR XE 3805 11 12 1.1 1 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR XE3910 15 22 1.5 7 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR XE 3918 13 15 1.2 2 — Grilamid TRXE 3997 12 13 1.1 1 PA MACM12 Grilamid TR XE 4028 7 8 1.1 1 PA 12/MACMIGrilamid TR XE 4061 12 13 1.1 1 — Grivory GTR45 2 8 4.0 6 PA 6I/6TDurethan C 38 F PA 6/IPDI Zytel 330 NC010 4.5 9.9 2.2 5.4 Isocor CN30BTIsocor CN30XT Ultramid Seal-Fit PA6/66/136 Glamide T-714E Aromatic/Non-spherulite Trogamid CX7323 14 16 1.1 2 PA PACM 12 Trogamid CX9701 16 181.1 2 PA PACM 12 Trogamid CX9704 10 11 1.1 1 PA PACM 12 Trogamid CX971013 14 1.1 1 PA PACM 12 Trogamid T5000 7 12 1.7 5 PA NDT/INDT (PA 6-3-T)Trogamid T5002 6 10 1.7 4 PA NDT/INDT (PA 6-3-T) Trogamid T5004 6 10 1.74 PA NDT/INDT (PA 6-3-T) Trogamid TX7389 6 10 1.7 4 PA NDT/INDT (PA6-3-T) Trogamid BX7304 8 9 1.1 1 PA 6-3-T/XX Vestamid E58-54 5 No Break

TABLE ID Properties of Transparent Polyamide Compositions (Transparency,Refractive Index, H₂O Uptake) Trans- parency % H₂O % H₂O (560 nm,Refrac- Uptake Uptake 2 mm) tive @ 23° C. @ 23° C. Material Name (%)Index 50% RH ⁸ Saturation ⁸ Pebax Clear 300 0.7 1.6 Pebax Clear 400Rilsan Clear G170 90.8 ⁶ 1.538 ⁷ 1.3 3.2 Rilsan Clear G120 Rnew 91.0   —Rilsan Clear G830 Rnew 91.5 ⁶ 1.512 ⁷ 1.3 3.3 Rilsan Clear G850 91.0   —Rilsan Clear G350 91.5 ⁶ 1.507 ⁷ 1.1 3 Rilsan Clear G300 HI 91.3 ⁶ 1.503⁷ 0.9 0.9 Grilamid TR 30 2 7 Grilamid TR 55 1.5 3.5 Grilamid TR 55 LX 12.5 Grilamid TR 55 LX 2 Grilamid TR 55 LZ 1 2.5 Grilamid TR 60 GrilamidTR 90 94   1.5 3.0 Grilamid TR 90 LXS 1.5 3 Grilamid TR 90 NZ 1.5 3Gilamid TR 90 NZZ 1.5 3 Grilamid TR 90 TL 2 2.5 Grilamid TR 90 UV 1.5 3Grilamid TR FE 5575 Grilamid TR XE 3658 Grilamid TR XE 3805 Grilamid TRXE 3910 Grilamid TR XE 3918 Grilamid TR XE 3997 1.5 3 Grilamid TR XE4028 1.5 3.5 Grilamid TR XE 4061 Grivory GTR45 2 7 Durethan C 38 F High3 10 Zytel 330 NC010 5.8 Isocor CN30BT Isocor CN30XT Ultramid Seal-FitGlamide T-714E 4.5-5 Trogamid CX7323 >88   1.516   ~1.5 3.5 TrogamidCX9701 High, Permanent Trogamid CX9704 High, Permanent Trogamid CX9710High, Permanent Trogamid T5000 90 ¹¹  1.566   ~3 ~7.5 Trogamid T5002Permanent Trogamid T5004 Permanent −7.2 Trogamid TX7389 PermanentTrogamid BX7304 Permanent Vestamid E58-54

Dry/Conditioned 1) Iso 11357/ASTM D 3418 2) ISO 868 / ASTM D 2240(Peak/Instantaneous) 3)150 178 / ASTM D 790 4)150 527 / ASTM D 638

5)150 1796)150 13168-1,27)150 4898)150 62 (equilibrium)

10) ISO 2039-1

11) 3.5 mm wall thickness12) second heat

13) 50% RH

Additional examples of commercially-available polyamides that may beused in accordance with this invention are shown in the following TablesIIA-D. In the Examples provided in Tables IIA-D, material properties ofthe compositions (100% polyamide), by and in themselves, are provided.The information set forth in Tables IIA-D was reported in technical datasheets made available by the various commercial suppliers.

TABLE IIA Properties of Additional Polyamide Compositions (Density,Melting Point, Glass Transition Temperature) Density MP Tg Material NamePolymer Nomenclature (g/cm³) ° C. ¹ ° C. Pebax Rnew 25R53 PolyetherBlock Amide 1.01 136 Pebax 2533 Polyether Block Amide 1.00 134 PebaxRnew 35R53 Polyether Block Amide 1.02 135 Pebax 3533 Polyether BlockAmide 1.00 144 Pebax MV 3000 Polyether Block Amide 1.02 158 Pebax MH1657 Polyether Block Amide 1.14 204 Pebax MV 1074 Polyether Block Amide1.07 158 Pebax MH 2030 Polyether Block Amide 1.14 200 Pebax MV 2080Polyether Block Amide 1.07 160 Pebax Rnew 40R53 Polyether Block Amide1.03 148 Pebax 4033 Polyether Block Amide 1.00 160 Pebax MX 1205Polyether Block Amide 1.01 147 Pebax 4533 Polyether Block Amide 1.01 147Pebax Rnew 55R53 Polyether Block Amide 1.03 167 Pebax 5533 PolyetherBlock Amide 1.01 159 Pebax MP 1878 Polyether Block Amide 1.09 195 PebaxMV 6100 Polyether Block Amide 1.04 170 Pebax MV 1041 Polyether BlockAmide 1.04 170 Pebax Rnew 63R53 Polyether Block Amide 1.03 180 Pebax6333 Polyether Block Amide 1.01 169 Pebax 7033 Polyether Block Amide1.01 172 Pebax 7233 Polyether Block Amide 1.01 174 Pebax Rnew 70R53Polyether Block Amide 1.03 186 Pebax Rnew 72R53 Polyether Block Amide1.03 186 Pebax Rnew 80R53 Polyether Block Amide 1.02 188 Pebax INIT 1100Polyether Block Amide 1.12 198 Pebax X2009 Polyether Block Amide 1.01195 Rilsan CESV Polyphthalamide 1.02 255 P010 TL Rilsan CESVOPolyphthalamide 1.03 255 P223 TL KOPA KN136 PA 6 1.14   220 ⁷ KOPA KN190PA 6 1.14   220 ⁷ Grilamid RDS 4836 PA 6I/6T + PA 12/X >1.00 GrilamidRDS 4835 PA MACM12 + PA >1.00 12/X Ultramid B-3 Nylon PA6 1.13 220 60Nyconomer 973 PA Terpolymer 1.11 160 Vestamid E55-S3 Polyether BlockAmide 1.03 Vestamid E62-S3 Polyether Block Amide 1.03 Vestamid EX9200Polyether Block Amide 1.01 Trogamide BX9724 PA 6-3-T/XX 1.48 260 93Trogamide T-GF35 PA NDT/INDT 1.40 — 150

TABLE IIB Properties of Additional Polyamide Compositions (Hardness,Flex Modulus, Tensile Modulus, Stress and Strain at Yield) Flex TensileStress Strain Shore Shore Mo- Mo- @ @ D D (15 dulus dulus Yield YieldMaterial Name (Peak) ² sec) ² (MPa) ³ (MPa) ⁴ (MPa) ⁴ (%) ⁴ Pebax Rnew25R53 26 22 20 15 Pebax 2533 27 22 12 10 — — Pebax Rnew 35R53 32 25 40Pebax 3533 33 25 21 20 — — Pebax MV 3000 35 45 Pebax MH 1657 40 80 PebaxMV 1074 40 80 Pebax MH 2030 40 80 Pebax MV 2080 40 80 Pebax Rnew 40R5342 39 75 Pebax 4033 42 35 77 74 — — Pebax MX 1205 46 41 86 79 — — Pebax4533 46 41 86 Pebax Rnew 55R53 53 51 160 Pebax 5533 54 50 170 160 12 25Pebax MP 1878 58 180 Pebax MV 6100 58 210 Pebax MV 1041 60 270 PebaxRnew 63R53 61 56 245 Pebax 6333 64 58 285 287 18 22 Pebax 7033 69 61 390383 22 20 Pebax 7233 69 61 513 521 26 18 Pebax Rnew 70R53 70 62 PebaxRnew 72R53 71 65 560 Pebax Rnew 80R53 73 67 850 Pebax INIT 1100 75 440Pebax X2009 Rilsan CESV 74 64 820 880 P010 TL Rilsan CESVO 520 P223 TLKOPA KN136 2942 KOPA KN190 2942 Grilamid RDS 4836 Grilamid RDS 4835Ultramid B-3 Nylon 3200 4.5 Nyconomer 973 Vestamid E55-S3 55 220 — —Vestamid E62-S3 62 370 — — Vestamid EX9200 68 750 31 19 Trogamide BX972490 12000 11000 Trogamide T-GF35 89 12000 10000

TABLE IIC Properties of Additional Polyamide Compositions (Stress andStrain at Break, Refractive Index, and H₂O Uptake) Equilib- rium 24 HourH₂O H₂O Stress Strain Uptake Uptake @ @ Refrac- @ 23° C. @ 23° C. BreakBreak tive 50% RH Saturation Material Name (MPa) ⁴ (%) ⁴ Index (%) ⁶ (%)⁶ Pebax Rnew 25R53 34 >700 Pebax 2533 32 >750 0.4 1.2 Pebax Rnew 35R5330 >700 0.5 1.3 Pebax 3533 39 >600 0.4 1.2 Pebax MV 3000 35 500 1 28Pebax MH 1657 32 >500 1.508 4.5 120 Pebax MV 1074 30 >700 1.502 1.4 48Pebax MH 2030 1.508 4.5 120 Pebax MV 2080 30 >700 1.502 1.4 48 PebaxRnew 40R53 45 >600 0.5 1.4 Pebax 4033 40 >450 0.5 1.2 Pebax MX 120542 >550 0.4 1.2 Pebax 4533 42 >550 0.4 1.2 Pebax Rnew 55R53 45 >400 0.71.5 Pebax 5533 52 >450 0.6 1.2 Pebax MP 1878 60 550 1.35 6.7 Pebax MV6100 48 — 0.9 11 Pebax MV 1041 44 450 0.9 12 Pebax Rnew 63R53 51 >4000.8 1.5 Pebax 6333 53 >350 0.7 1.1 Pebax 7033 54 >350 0.7 0.9 Pebax 723356 >300 0.7 0.9 Pebax Rnew 70R53 57 >350 0.7 1.0 Pebax Rnew 72R5355 >300 0.8 0.7 Pebax Rnew 80R53 55 >300 0.8 0.7 Pebax INIT 1100 71 >300— — Pebax X2009 Rilsan CESV 41 >130 P010 TL Rilsan CESVO 22 >130 P223 TLKOPA KN136 82 90 KOPA KN190 84 150 Grilamid RDS 4836 Grilamid RDS 4835Ultramid B-3 Nylon 90 15 Nyconomer 973 Vestamid E55-S3 38 >200 VestamidE62-S3 42 >200 Vestamid EX9200 — >200 Trogamide BX9724 220 3.2 TrogamideT-GF35 165 2.4

TABLE IID Properties of Additional Polyamide Compositions (NotchedCharpy Impact-Resistance) Notched Notched Charpy Notched CharpyDifference Charpy Notched Ratio 23° C. @ −30 Charpy 23° C./−30 minus −30or −40° C. @ 23° C. or −40° C. or −40° C. Material Name (kJ/m²) ⁵(kJ/m²) ⁵ (kJ/m²) ⁵ (kJ/m²) ⁵ Pebax Rnew 25R53 No Break No Break Pebax2533 No Break No Break Pebax Rnew 35R53 No Break No Break Pebax 3533 NoBreak No Break Pebax MV 3000 Pebax MH 1657 Pebax MV 1074 Pebax MH 2030Pebax MV 2080 Pebax Rnew 40R53 No Break No Break Pebax 4033 No Break NoBreak Pebax MX 1205 No Break No Break Pebax 4533 No Break No Break PebaxRnew 55R53 No Break No Break Pebax 5533 No Break No Break Pebax MP 1878Pebax MV 6100 Pebax MV 1041 Pebax Rnew 63R53 22 No Break Pebax 6333 20No Break Pebax 7033 20 120  6.0 100 Pebax 7233 10 15 1.5 5 Pebax Rnew70R53 15 No Break Pebax Rnew 72R53 16 46 2.9 30 Pebax Rnew 80R53 16 432.7 27 Pebax INIT 1100 Pebax X2009 Rilsan CESV 14 76 5.4 62 P010 TLRilsan CESVO 9 76 8.4 67 P223 TL KOPA KN136 KOPA KN190 Grilamid RDS 4836Grilamid RDS 4835 Ultramid B-3 Nylon  8 Nyconomer 973 Vestamid E55-S3 22No Break Vestamid E62-S3 8 120  15.0 112 Vestamid EX9200 6 33 5.5 27Trogamide BX9724 10 14 1.4 4 Trogamide T-GF35 8 11 1.4 3

1) ISO 11357/ASTM D 3418 2) ISO 868/ASTM D 2240 (Peak/Instantaneous) 3)ISO 178/ASTM D790 4) ISO 527/ASTM D638 5) ISO 179 6) ISO 62/ASTM D570 7)ISO D789

Polyamide Blends

Blends of polyamides also may be used in accordance with this invention.For example, a blend of transparent polyamides or a blend of transparentand non-transparent polyamides may be used in accordance with thisinvention. In particular, a blend of transparent polyamide and athermoplastic polyamide elastomer (typically a copolymer of polyamideand polyester/polyether) may be used. The polyamide elastomer may betransparent or non-transparent. Many polyamide elastomers comprise ahard polyamide segment (for example, nylon 6, nylon 6,6; nylon 11, nylon12 and the like) and a polyether or polyester as a soft segment.Suitable polyamide elastomers that can be used to form the compositionsof this invention include, for example. polyether-amide blockcopolymers, available from Arkema, Inc. (Columbs, France) as Pebax®resins. In general, these block copolymers have thermoplastic properties(softens when exposed to heat and returns to original condition whencooled) properties and elastomeric properties (can be stretched and thenreturns to a near original condition when released) properties. Theratio of hard to soft segments and the length, sequence, and like of thesegments are significant factors in determining the properties of theresulting block copolymer.

In general, polyether amide block copolymers may be prepared bypolycondensation of a polyamide with carboxyl end-groups with apolyether glycol. These block copolymers have been prepared usingpolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol,copolyethers derived therefrom, and copolymers of THF and 3-alkylTHF asshown by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,230,838, 4,252,920, 4,349,661, 4,331,786 and6,300,463, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference. The general structure of the polyether amide block copolymermay be represented by the following formula (I):

represents a polyamide segment containing terminal carboxyl groups oracid equivalents thereof (for example, diacid anhydrides, diacidchlorides or diesters) and

—O-G-O—

is a polyether segment.

Different grades of Pebax® polyether amide block copolymers and theirrespective properties, which may be used in accordance with thisinvention, are described in the following Tables IIIA and IIIB. Theinformation set forth in Tables IIIA and IIIB was reported in technicaldata sheets made available by the commercial supplier (Arkema, Inc.).

TABLE IIIA Pebax ® Polyether-amideblock copolymers Test PEBAX GradeProperty Method Units 7233 7033 6333 5533 Hardness, D 2240 D 72 69 63 55durometer D Flexural Modulus D790 psi 107,000 67,000 49,000 29,000Tensile Strength, D 638 psi 9210 8300 8100 7300 Ultimate Elongation,D638 % 360 400 300 430 Ultimate Izod impact D256 at 20 F. ft lb/in 1.4no no no break break break at −40 F. 1.4 0.95 1.5 no break Melting pointD3418 ° F. 348 345 342 334 Vicat softening D1525 ° F. 327 329 322 291point Specific Gravity D792 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01

TABLE IIIB Pebax ® Polyether-amide block copolymers Test PEBAX PEBAXPEBAX Property Method Units 4033 3533 2533 Hardness, D 2240 D 40 35 25durometer D Flexural Modulus D790 psi 13,000 2,800 2,100 TensileStrength, D 638 psi 5700 5600 4950 Ultimate Elongation, D638 % 390 580640 Ultimate Izod impact D256 at 20 F. ft lb/in no no no break breakbreak at −40 F. no no no break break break Melting point D3418 ° F. 334306 298 Vicat softening D1525 ° F. 270 165 140 point Specific GravityD792 1.01 1.01 1.01

In a particularly preferred version, blends of polyamide polymers asdescribed in the above-mentioned Montanari et al., U.S. Pat. No.8,399,557 (Montanari '557), are used to form the compositions of thisinvention. These transparent blends (or alloys) comprise, by weight, thetotal being 100%:

(A) 1 to 99% of at least one constituent copolymer: exhibiting a hightransparency such that the transmission at 560 nm through a sheet with athickness of 2 mm is greater than 65%; exhibiting a glass transitiontemperature of at least 90° C.; and being amorphous or exhibiting acrystallinity ranging up to semicrystallinity; and comprising: (A1)amide units, including amide units produced from at least onecycloaliphatic diamine unit; and (A2) flexible ether units;

(B) 99 to 1% of at least one constituent polymer chosen from: (Ba)semicrystalline copolyamides comprising amide units (Ba1) and comprisingether units (Ba2), wherein said semicrystalline copolyamides have aglass transition temperature (Tg) of less than 65° C.; and alloys basedon such copolyamides (Ba); and

(C) 0 to 50% by weight of at least one polyamide, copolyamide, orcopolyamide comprising ether units other than those used in (A) and (B)above; and/or of at least one additive normal for thermoplastic polymersand copolymers; the choice of the units or monomers in the compositionof (A), (B) and (C) and also the choice of the proportions of the saidunits or of the said monomers being such that the resulting blend oralloy exhibits a high transparency such that the transmission at 560 nmthrough a sheet with a thickness of 2 mm is greater than 50%.

The reaction products of the above-described components (A), (B), and(C), also may be used to form a polyamide composition suitable for usein the present invention. Methods for making the components, (A), (B),and (C) also are described in the Montanari '557 Patent. For example,copolymer (A) may be prepared by charging a cycloaliphatic diamine andthe diacids are charged to an 80 I autoclave. The reactor is purged withnitrogen and closed, and is heated to 260° C. under pressure and whilestirring at 40 rev/min. After maintaining for one hour, the pressure isreduced to atmospheric pressure and the polyether and the catalyst areadded. The reactor is placed under vacuum over 30 min to reach 50 mbar(if necessary 20 mbar). The rise in the couple lasts approximately twohours. On reaching the viscosity, the reactor is brought back toatmospheric pressure and the product is granulated and dried undervacuum at 75° C. Methods for making the blends also are described. Forexample, the components, (A), (B) and (C), which are in the form ofgranules, can be blended, this blend subsequently being injection moldedat a temperature of between 230° and 330° C. on an injection-moldingmachine. Examples of suitable polyamide copolymers, as described in theMontanari '557 Patent, and their related properties are described in thefollowing Table IV.

TABLE IV Polyamide Copolymer Compositions Delta Transmission Flex Ross-Elongation Composition Tg Hm (2) at 560 nm Modulus Flex at BreakViscosity Yellowing Polyamide A  91° C. 0 91  680 MPa 50,000 1.21 8.7Polyamide B  85° C. 0 76 Polyamide C 112° C. 0 86  970 MPa 290% 1.210.25 Polyamide D 131° C. 0 90 1377 MPa 221% 1.21 Polyamide A-polyamidecopolymer made from diamine(3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane (BMACM) and diacid(C12(0.5)-C14(0.5)) and 25% polyether (polytetramethylene glycol[PTMG].Polyamide B-polyamide copolymer made from diamine (BMACM) and diacid(C14(0.5)-C18(0.5)) and 23% polyether (PTMG). Polyamide C-polyamidecopolymer made from diamine (BMACM) and diacid (C12(0.5)-C14(0.5)) and20% polyether (PTMG). Polyamide D- polyamide copolymer made from diamine(BMACM) and diacid (C10(0.5)-C12(0.5)) and 12% polyether (PTMG). DeltaHm (2)-It refers to the enthalpy of fusion during the second heating ofa DSC according to the ISO standard, DSC being Differential ScanningCalorimetry. Transparency: It is characterized by a measurement of lighttransmission at a wavelength of 560 nm through a polished sheet with athickness of 2 mm. An amount of light transmitted expressed as percentis measured. Flexural modulus: The flex modulus of a sample is measuredeither according to ISO 178 (MPa) on 80 × 10 × 4 mm bars or E′ modulusobtained at 23° C. obtained during a DMA measurement. Ross-Flex testASTM 1052: A flat test specimen with a thickness of 2 mm, pierced by ahole with a diameter of 2.5 mm, is bent, at the level of this hole, by90° , alternatively at −10° C., the aim being to withstand the greatestpossible number of cycles without breaking. Elongation at break (%):Tension with regard to ISOR527. Viscosity: Intrinsic viscosity in dl/gfrom 0.5 g dissolved at 25° C. in metacresol. Yellowing: it involves ameasurement of Yellow Index (YI) on granules.

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

One advantageous property of at least some of the transparent polyamidesused to form the compositions of the present invention is that theyexhibit a relatively high glass transition temperature (Tg). Thetransparent polyamides are relatively easy to process and can be moldedto form different golf ball layers. In general, the glass transitionrefers to the reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in theamorphous regions within semi-crystalline materials) from a hard andrelatively brittle state into a rubbery state. The glass transitiontemperature (Tg) as reported herein is measured according to Test MethodISO 11357 and reported in degrees celsius. As the temperature of apolymer drops below Tg, it behaves in an increasingly brittle manner. Asthe temperature rises above the Tg, the polymer becomes morerubber-like. Thus, knowledge of Tg is an important factor in theselection of materials for golf ball layer applications. In general,values of Tg well below room temperature define the domain of elastomersand values above room temperature define rigid, structural polymers. Ithas been found that preferred transparent polyamides exhibit a Tg in arange of about 30 to about 170° C., and has a lower range of about 35,40, or 50 or 60° C. and an upper range of about 70, 80, 90, 120, 140, or150° C. In one preferred version, the Tg may be about 65, 75, 85, 91, 95or 105° C. It is important to note that these preferred transparentpolyamides may also have a second Tg that is observed at below ambienttemperatures (less than 25° C.). It is believed that this sub-ambient Tgis associated with a relatively soft polyether segment; whereas, thehigher temperature Tg is associated with a polyamide segment. Therefore,in one embodiment, a transparent polyamide having a reported Tg of 90°C. may or may not also exhibit a Tg at −65° C., and the like. In oneembodiment, the transparent polyamide has a glass transition temperaturein the range of about 75° to about 160° C., more preferably in the rangeof about 80° to about 95° C.

As used herein, the term, “semi-crystalline” covers (co)polyamides whichhave both a glass transition temperature (Tg) and a melting point asdetermined by DSC. The term, “amorphous” covers polyamides that do nothave a melting point detected by DSC or a melting point with negligibleintensity such that it does not affect the essentially amorphous natureof the polymer. The term, “semi-crystalline”, as used herein, relates topolymers that have both a melting endotherm and a glass transition asdetermined by DSC. The term, “amorphous”, as used herein, relates topolymers that have a glass transition but do not exhibit a meltingendotherm as determined by DSC. The term, “quasi-amorphous”, as usedherein, relates to polymers that are essentially amorphous and exhibit aglass transition and a small or insignificant melting endotherm(DH_(f)<=10 J/g) as determined by DSC. The term, “micro-crystalline”, asused herein, refers to semi-crystalline polymers in which the spherulitesize is sufficiently small in order to maintain transparency.

Charpy Impact-Resistance

The transparent polyamides also have high flexibility, toughness,impact-durability and stress-crack resistance. One advantageous propertyof the transparent polyamides used to form the compositions of thepresent invention is their relatively high Charpy impact-resistance. Ingeneral, impact testing refers to the energy required to break or deforma material. The Charpy impact test is a standardized high strain-ratetest which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material duringfracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's notchtoughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependentductile-brittle transition. The test method standard is ISO 179/1eA.Samples are conditioned for 15 days at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity.The test results herein are measured at either 23° C. or −30° C. andresults are reported in kilojoules per meter squared. The higher thenumber, the tougher the material, with a no-break (NB) meaning that thetest sample was flexible enough to withstand the impact withoutfracturing. High Charpy impact values are an important material propertyto consider when choosing a material for a layer in a golf ball, since agolf ball must withstand very high force impacts, such as thoseencountered when struck with a golf club. It is believed that thepolyamide compositions herein comprising a transparent polyamide,preferably have a Charpy notched impact (at 23° C.) of from at leastabout 8 to No-Break (NB), and have a lower range of from about 10, 12,14, 16, 18, 25, 30, or 40 kJ/m² to an upper limit ranging from about 80,85, 90, or 94 kJ/m² to no-break. A preferred transparent polyamidecomposition comprises Rilsan Clear G300 HI, which has a Charpy notchedimpact value at 23° C. of 94 kJ/m², and a value at −30° C. of 19 kJ/m².In one embodiment, the transparent polyamide preferably has a Charpynotched impact-resistance value of at least about 15 kJ/m², and morepreferably at least about 50 kJ/m², at 23° C. In one instance, thetransparent polyamide has a ratio of Charpy notched impact-resistancemeasured at 23° C. to Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at −30°C. of at least about 2.0, and preferably at least about 4.0. In otherexamples, the ratio of Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at 23°C. to Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at −30° C. is about2.0:1, 2.5:1, 3.0:1, 3.5:1, 4.0:1, 4.5:1, 4.9:1, or greater. It isrecognized that the Charpy impact-resistance may be measured at −40° C.or −30° C. depending upon testing conditions. Also, when a material isdescribed as having a Charpy impact-resistance value of “at least about(certain value)”, it is meant to define a material that has a Charpyimpact-resistance value from about that certain value to a reading of“No-Break” (NB). That is, there is no upper limit value that can bemeasured using the Charpy test method; therefore, it is designated asNo-Break.

The transparent polyamides are generally light weight (low density) andeasy to process. They also have other advantageous properties such asgood chemical resistance and temperature stability. In the presentinvention, it has been found that compositions comprising transparentpolyamides may be prepared and these compositions may be molded intospheres having relatively high Coefficient of Restitutions (CORs) over arange of compressions, which are important golf ball properties asdiscussed further below.

Optical Effects

The transparent optical nature of the polyamide also provides benefits.In one preferred embodiment, the composition comprising the transparentpolyamide is also transparent. That is, the final composition(containing the transparent polyamide and any other optional materialsas described above) is optically transparent. In other instances, thefinal polyamide composition may be semi-transparent, translucent, or thelike. The transparent, semi-transparent, or translucent composition maycontain light-reflective fillers (for example, pearlescent pigments,glitter specks, color-flop pigments, edge-effect pigments, metallics,and mixtures thereof.) These fillers can enhance the visibility andornamental effect of the golf ball.

Pearlescent pigments are particularly preferred, because these materialscan provide special luster effects. Pearlescent pigment is generallymade up of multiple platelet-like semi-transparent particles. When lightstrikes the platelets, it is partially reflected and partiallytransmitted through them. There are many platelet surfaces in parallelorientation and many layers of pigment at different depths within thepearlescent pigment-containing paint, coating, or other composition. Aslight reflects off the platelet surfaces in the different layers, thiscreates a pearly luster effect. A person looking at the composition willsee different reflections and scattering of light depending upon theirviewing angle. Some pearlescent pigments do not have a layeredstructure, that is, they comprise discrete particles and do not containcoated substrates. For example, metal-effect pearlescent pigments suchas aluminum, copper, copper-zinc (bronze) alloys, and zinc particles maybe used. Basic lead carbonate and bismuth oxychloride pigment particlesalso can be used. Other pearlescent pigments have a layered structure,that is, they contain a substrate. For example, natural or syntheticmica platelets may be coated with iron oxide or titanium dioxide to formspecial effect pearlescent pigments. Organic pigments also can becrystallized to form pigment flakes and pigments having a naturalpearlescence such as pigment suspensions derived from fish scales may beused.

Metallics, particularly metalized films and foils, and glitter specks,which comprise very small plastic pieces painted in metallic, neon, andiridescent colors to reflect light also can be used as reflectivefillers in accordance with this invention. Any suitable metal,especially highly lustrous metals, may be used and these metallics canbe in the form of flakes, particles, and the like.

Titanium dioxide pigment is preferably used as light-reflective filler,because of its light scattering properties including reflectivity andrefraction. As the light strikes the surface of the composition, most ofthe light will be reflected because of the titanium dioxide pigmentconcentration. The light strikes the surface of the pigment (which has arelatively high refractive index in contrast to the binder resin), thelight is bent and reflected outwardly. The portion of light which is notreflected will pass through the particles and will be bent in differentdirection. Other useful metal (or metal alloy) flakes, plates, powders,or particles may include bismuth boron, brass, bronze, cobalt, copper,nickel, chrome, iron, molybdenum, nickel powder, stainless steel,zirconium aluminum, tungsten metal, beryllium metal, zinc, or tin. Othermetal oxides may include zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide,magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, and tungsten trioxide also may besuitable.

In other instances, the substantially transparent polymeric matrices maybe lightly colored or tinted. For example, a relatively small amount ofcolored pigments such as blue, green, red, or yellow pigments or thelike may be blended in the polymeric matrices to impart some color tothe composite and cover layers. Suitable pigments include nickel andchrome titanates, chrome yellow, cadmium types, carbon black, chromeoxide green types, phthalocyanine blue or green, perylene andquinacridone types, and other conventional pigments. Pigment extendersinclude, for example, barytes, heavy spar, microtalc, kaolin, micaceousiron oxide, magnesium mica, quartz flour, powdered slate, and siliconcarbide. Color-flop pigments, as disclosed in Ohira et al, U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,018,307 and 6,558,277, which show a change in color as theviewing angle changes may be used in accordance with the presentinvention. Edge-effect pigments, which are attracted to the edges orsharper contours of the surfaces to which they are applied, also may beused.

Likewise, if a fluorescent effect is desired, a relatively small amountof fluorescent dye may be added to the transparent polyamidecomposition. Suitable fluorescent dyes include, for example, dyes fromthe thioxanthene, xanthene, perylene, perylene imide, coumarin,thioindigoid, naphthalimide and methine dye classes. Representativeyellow fluorescent dye examples include, but are not limited to: LumogenF Orange™ 240 (BASF, Rensselaer, N.Y.); Lumogen F Yellow™ 083 (BASF,Rensselaer, N.Y.); Hostasol Yellow™ 3G (Hoechst-Celanese, Somerville,N.J.); Oraset Yellow™ 8GF (Ciba-Geigy, Hawthorne, N.Y.); Fluorol 088™(BASF, Rensselaer, N.Y.); Thermoplast F Yellow™ 084 (BASF, Rensselaer,N.Y.); Golden Yellow™ D-304 (DayGlo, Cleveland, Ohio); Mohawk Yellow™D-299 (DayGlo, Cleveland, Ohio); Potomac Yellow™ D-838 (DayGlo,Cleveland, Ohio) and Polyfast Brilliant Red™ SB (Keystone, Chicago,Ill.) Conventional non-fluorescent dyes also may be used including, butnot limited to, azo, heterocyclic azo, anthraquinone, benzodifuranone,polycyclic aromatic carbonyl, indigoid, polymethine, styryl, di- andtri-aryl carbonium, phthalocyanines, quinopphthalones, sulfur, nitro andnitroso, stilbene, and formazan dyes.

Optical brighteners, which typically emit a bluish light, also may beadded to the polyamide compositions. In general, optical brightenersabsorb the invisible ultra-violet portion of the daylight spectrum andconvert this energy into the longer-wavelength visible portion of thespectrum. Suitable optical brighteners include, for example, stilbenederivatives, styryl derivatives of benzene and biphenyl,bis(benzazol-2-yl) derivatives, coumarins, carbostyrils, naphthalimides,derivatives of dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, pyrene derivatives, andpyridotriazoles. In accordance with the present invention, any of theseor other known optical brighteners including derivatives of 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, 4-methyl-7-diethylamino coumarin and2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl)-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene.

Acid Anhydride-Modified Polyolefins

The polyamide compositions of this invention may further contain acidanhydride-modified polyolefins. Adding the acid anhydride-modifiedpolyolefin helps improve the toughness and impact durability of thecomposition. In such materials, the polyolefin polymer is chemicallymodified with acid anhydride. That is, the polyolefin polymer isfunctionalized; it contains at least one acid anhydride group. Ingeneral, such acid anhydride groups may be grafted onto the polyolefinpolymer backbone. Some examples of suitable acid anhydrides that may beused to functionalize the polyolefin include, but are not limited to,fumaric, nadic, itaconic, and clorendic anhydrides, and theirsubstituted derivatives thereof.

Suitable olefin monomeric units that can be used to prepare thepolyolefin polymer include, for example, ethylene, propylene, butene,hexene, heptene, octene, decene, and dodecene. Preferably, the monomericunit contains from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms. The resulting polyolefinchains (polymer backbones) formed from these monomeric units include,for example, polyethylene, high density polyethylene (HDPE), low densitypolyethylene (LDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),polypropylene, polybutene, polyhexene, polyoctene, polydecene, andpolydodecene, and copolymers and blends thereof. The resultingpolyolefin polymer is functionalized with at least one acid anhydridemoiety.

More particularly, the acid anhydride-modified polyolefin polymers usedin this invention include copolymers such as, for example,ethylene-based copolymers, particularly ethylene-propylene (EP);ethylene-butene (EB); ethylene-hexene (EH); ethylene-octene (EO);styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS); ethylene-propylene dienemonomer (EPDM); ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA); and various ethylene-alkylacrylate and ethylene-alkyl alkyl acrylate copolymers such as, forexample, ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA); ethylene-ethyl acrylate (EEA);ethylene-propyl acrylate (EPA); ethylene n-butyl acrylate (EBA)copolymers; and the like. Other polyolefin-based copolymers such aspolypropylene and polybutene-based copolymers also can be used. Thesecopolymers include random, block, and graft copolymers which have beenfunctionalized with acid anhydride groups.

Examples of commercially-available acid anhydride polyolefins that canbe used in accordance with this invention, include, but are not limitedto, Amplify™ GR functional polymers, available from the Dow ChemicalCompany; Fusabond® polymers, available from the DuPont Company; Kraton®FG and RP polymers, available from Kraton Polymers LLC; Lotader®polymers available from Arkema, Inc.; Polybond® and Royaltuf® polymers,available from Chemtura Corp.; and Exxelor polymers available from theExxonMobil Corp.

Plasticizers

The polyamide compositions of this invention may further contain aplasticizer. Adding the plasticizers to the composition helps to reducethe glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composition. The glasstransition in a polymer is a temperature range below which a polymer isrelatively brittle and above which it is rubber-like. In addition tolowering the Tg, the plasticizer may also reduce the tan δ in thetemperature range above the Tg. A polymer's Tg is measured by aDifferential Scanning calorimeter or a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)and the DMA is used to measure tan δ. The plasticizer may also reducethe hardness and compression of the composition when compared to itsnon-plasticized condition. The effects of adding a plasticizer to thepolyamide composition on Tg, flex modulus, hardness, and other physicalproperties are discussed further below.

The polyamide compositions may contain one or more plasticizers. Theplasticizers that may be used in the polyamide compositions of thisinvention include, for example, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (BBSA);N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (EBSA); N-propylbenzenesulfonamide (PBSA);N-butyl-N-dodecylbenzenesulfonamide (BDBSA);N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (DMBSA); p-methylbenzenesulfonamide;o,p-toluene sulfonamide; p-toluene sulfonamide;2-ethylhexyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; hexadecyl-4-hydroxybenzoate;1-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; dioctyl phthalate; diisodecyl phthalate;di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; and tri-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.

In one preferred version, the plasticizer is selected from the group ofpolytetramethylene ether glycol (available from BASF under thetradename, PolyTHF™ 250); propylene carbonate (available from HuntsmanCorp., under the tradename, Jeffsol™ PC); and/or dipropyleneglycoldibenzoate (available from Eastman Chemical under the tradename,Benzoflex™ 284). Mixtures of these plasticizers also may be used.

Other suitable plasticizer compounds include benzene mono-, di-, andtricarboxylic acid esters. Phthalates such as Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP, DBP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP),Dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), Diethyl phthalate(DEP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and Di-n-hexyl phthalate aresuitable. Iso- and terephthalates such as Dioctyl terephthalate andDinonyl isophthalate may be used. Also appropriate are trimellitatessuch as Trimethyl trimellitate (TMTM),Tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate(TOTM), Tri-(n-octyl,n-decyl)trimellitate,Tri-(heptyl,nonyl)trimellitate, Tri-n-octyl trimellitate; as well asbenzoates, including: 2-ethylhexyl-4-hydroxy benzoate, n-octyl benzoate,methyl benzoate, and ethyl benzoate.

Also suitable are alkyl diacid esters commonly based on C4-C12 alkyldicarboxylic acids such as adipic, sebacic, azelaic, and maleic acidssuch as: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA), Dimethyl adipate (DMAD),Monomethyl adipate (MMAD), Dioctyl adipate (DOA), Dibutyl sebacate(DBS), Dibutyl maleate (DBM), Diisobutyl maleate (DIBM), Dioctylsebacate (DOS). Also, esters based on glycols, polyglycols andpolyhydric alcohols such as poly(ethylene glycol) mono- and di-esters,cyclohexanedimethanol esters, sorbitol derivatives; and triethyleneglycol dihexanoate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, tetraethyleneglycol diheptanoate, and ethylene glycol dioleate may be used.

Fatty acids, fatty acid salts, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid estersalso may be used in the compositions of this invention Compounds such asstearic, oleic, ricinoleic, behenic, myristic, linoleic, palmitic, andlauric acid esters, salts, and mono- and bis-amides can be used. Ethyloleate, butyl stearate, methyl acetylricinoleate, zinc oleate, ethylenebis-oleamide, and stearyl erucamide are suitable. Suitable fatty acidsalts include, for example, metal stearates, erucates, laurates,oleates, palmitates, pelargonates, and the like. For example, fatty acidsalts such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate,barium stearate, and the like can be used. Fatty alcohols and acetylatedfatty alcohols are also suitable, as are carbonate esters such aspropylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.

Glycerol-based esters such as soy-bean, tung, or linseed oils or theirepoxidized derivatives can also be used as plasticizers in the presentinvention, as can polymeric polyester plasticizers formed from theesterification reaction of diacids and diglycols as well as from thering-opening polymerization reaction of caprolactones with diacids ordiglycols. Citrate esters and acetylated citrate esters are alsosuitable.

Dicarboxylic acid molecules containing both a carboxylic acid ester anda carboxylic acid salt can perform suitably as plasticizers. Themagnesium salt of mono-methyl adipate and the zinc salt of mono-octylglutarate are two such examples for this invention. Tri- andtetra-carboxylic acid esters and salts can also be used.

Also envisioned as suitable plasticizers are organophosphate andorganosulfur compounds such as Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), Tributylphosphate (TBP), alkyl sulfonic acid phenyl esters (ASE); andsulfonamides such as N-ethyl toluene sulfonamide,N-(2-hydroxypropyl)benzene sulfonamide, N-(n-butyl) benzene sulfonamide. Furthermore,thioester and thioether variants of the plasticizer compounds mentionedabove are suitable.

Non-ester plasticizers such as alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, glycols,polyglycols, and polyethers are suitable materials for plasticization.Materials such as polytetramethylene ether glycol, poly(ethyleneglycol), and poly(propylene glycol), oleyl alcohol, and cetyl alcoholcan be used. Hydrocarbon compounds, both saturated and unsaturated,linear or cyclic can be used such as mineral oils, microcrystallinewaxes, or low-molecular weight polybutadiene. Halogenated hydrocarboncompounds can also be used.

Other examples of polyamide plasticizers that may be used in thecomposition of this invention include butylbenzenesulphonamide (BBSA),ethylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate (EHPB) and decylhexylpara-hydroxybenzoate (DHPB), as disclosed in Montanari et al., U.S. Pat.No. 6,376,037, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

Esters and alkylamides such as phthalic acid esters including dimethylphthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate,di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate,ditridecyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate,diisononyl phthalate, ethylphthalylethyl glycolate, butylphthalylbutylglycolate, diundecyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl tetrahydrophthalate asdisclosed in Isobe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,099, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference, also may be used.

Jacques et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,185, the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference, discloses sulphonamides such asN-butylbenzenesulphonamide, ethyltoluene-suiphonamide,N-cyclohexyltoluenesulphonamide, 2-ethylhexyl-para-hydroxybenzoate,2-decylhexyl-para-hydroxybenzoate, oligoethyleneoxytetrahydrofurfurylalcohol, or oligoethyleneoxy malonate; esters of hydroxybenzoic acid;esters or ethers of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and esters of citricacid or hydroxymalonic acid; and these plasticizers also may be used.

Sulfonamides are particularly preferred plasticizers fur use in thepresent invention, and these materials are described in Fish, Jr. etal., U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,737, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference. Examples of such sulfonamides include N-alkylbenzenesulfonamides and toluenesufonamides, particularlyN-butylbenzenesulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)benzenesulfonamide,N-ethyl-o-toluenesulfonamide, N-ethyl-p-toluenesulfonamide,o-toluenesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonamide . Such sulfonamideplasticizers also are described in Hochstetter et al., US PatentApplication Publication 2010/0183837, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference. The polyamide compositions containingplasticizer, as described in the above patent references, also may beused in this invention.

It is believed that the plasticizer should be added in a sufficientamount to the polyamide composition so there is a substantial change inthe stiffness and/or hardness of the polyamide polymer. Thus, althoughthe concentration of plasticizer may be as little as 1% by weight toform some polyamide compositions per this invention, it is preferredthat the concentration be relatively greater. For example, it ispreferred that the concentration of plasticizer be at least 3 wt. %.More particularly, it is preferred that the plasticizer be present in anamount within a range having a lower limit of 1% or 3% or 5% or 7% or 8%or 10% or 12% or 15% or 18% and an upper limit of 20% or 22% or 25% or30% or 35% or 40% or 42% or 50% or 55% or 60% or 66% or 71% or 75% or80%. In one preferred embodiment, the concentration of plasticizer fallswithin the range of about 7% to about 75%, preferably about 9% to about55%, and more preferably about 15% to about 50%.

It is believed that adding the plasticizer to the polyamide helps reducethe glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composition. Thus, in oneembodiment, the first polyamide (containing polyamide only) compositionhas a first Tg value and the second polyamide (containing polyamide andplasticizer) composition has a second Tg value, wherein the Tg value isat least 1% less; or at least 2% less; or at least 4% less; or at least8% less; or at least 10% less than the Tg value. It is believed thatadding the plasticizer to the polyamide helps make the compositionsofter and more rubbery (although the polyamide/plasticizer compositionis still considered relatively stiff versus the rubber composition usedto make a core layer as discussed further below.)

Adding the plasticizers to the composition also helps decrease thestiffness of the composition. That is, the plasticizer helps lower theflex modulus of the composition. The flex modulus refers to the ratio ofstress to strain within the elastic limit (when measured in the flexuralmode) and is similar to tensile modulus. This property is used toindicate the bending stiffness of a material. The flexural modulus,which is a modulus of elasticity, is determined by calculating the slopeof the linear portion of the stress-strain curve during the bendingtest. If the slope of the stress-strain curve is relatively steep, thematerial has a relatively high flexural modulus meaning the materialresists deformation. The material is more rigid. If the slope isrelatively flat, the material has a relatively low flexural modulusmeaning the material is more easily deformed. The material is moreflexible. The flex modulus can be determined in accordance with ASTMD790 standard among other testing procedures.

Thus, in one embodiment, the first polyamide (containing polyamide only)composition has a first flex modulus value and the second polyamide(containing polyamide and plasticizer) composition has a second flexmodulus value, wherein the second flex modulus value is at least 1%less; or at least 2% less; or at least 4% less; or at least 8% less; orat least 10% less than the first modulus value. More particularly, inone embodiment, the polyamide/plasticizer composition has a flex moduluslower limit of 10,000 or 20,000 or 40,000 or 50,000 or 60,000 or 70,000or 80,000 or 90,000 or 100,000; and a flex modulus upper limit of110,000 or 120,000 or 130,000 psi or 140,000 or 160,000 or 180,000 or200,000 or 300,000 or 400,000 or 500,000 psi or greater. In general, theproperties of flex modulus and hardness are related, whereby flexmodulus measures the material's resistance to bending, and hardnessmeasures the material's resistance to indentation. In general, as theflex modulus of the material decreases, the hardness of the materialalso decreases.

As discussed above, adding the plasticizer to the polyamide helps reducethe flex modulus of the composition and it also helps reduce thehardness to a certain degree. Thus, in one embodiment, thepolyamide/plasticizer composition is relatively soft and having ahardness of no greater than 40 Shore D. For example, the Shore Dhardness may be within a range having a lower limit of 15 or 18 or 20 or0r 22 or 24 and an upper limit of 28 or 30 or 32 or 34 or 35 or 38 or 40Shore D. In other embodiments, the polyamide/plasticizer composition ismoderately soft having a hardness of no greater than about 60 Shore D.For example, the Shore D hardness may be within a range having a lowerlimit of 25, 28, 20, 32, 35, 36, 38, or 40, and an upper limit of 42,45, 48, 50, 54, 56, or 60. In yet other embodiments, thepolyamide/plasticizer composition is moderately hard having a hardnessin the range of about 42, 44, 47, 51, 53, or 58 and an upper limit ofabout 60, 65, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 91, or 95 Shore D.

Additionally, adding plasticizers to the polyamide composition generallyhelps to reduce the compression and/or increase the CoR of thecomposition when tested as a solid sphere and compared to anunplasticized composition. Plasticized polyamide compositions typicallyshow compression values lower, or at most equal to, unplasticizedcompositions while displaying an increase of CoR. In some instancesplasticization of the composition might produce a slight reduction inthe CoR while at the same time reducing the compression to a greaterextent, thereby providing an overall improvement to the compression/CoRrelationship over the unplasticized composition.

Any of the polyamide-comprising compositions herein may be blended withany number of additional polymers to form the core or cover layer of theinvention herein. Such polymers include, for example, polyurethanes;polyureas; copolymers, blends and hybrids of polyurethane and polyurea;ethylene acid copolymer ionomer resins (for example, Surlyn® ionomerresins and HPF 1000 and HPF 2000, commercially available from DuPont;Iotek® ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil ChemicalCompany; Amplify® IO ionomers of ethylene acrylic acid copolymers,commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Clarix®ionomer resins, commercially available from A. Schulman Inc.);polyethylene, including, for example, low density polyethylene, linearlow density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene; polypropylene;rubber-toughened olefin polymers; acid copolymers, for example,poly(meth)acrylic acid, which do not become part of an ionomericcopolymer; plastomers; flexomers; styrene/butadiene/styrene blockcopolymers; styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene block copolymers;dynamically vulcanized elastomers; copolymers of ethylene and vinylacetates; copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylates; polyvinylchloride resins; cross-linked trans-polyisoprene and blends thereof;polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Hytrel®, commerciallyavailable from DuPont; polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers, suchas Elastollan®, commercially available from BASF; synthetic or naturalvulcanized rubber; and combinations thereof. The tranparent polyamidemay also be blended with rubbery elastomers in accordance with thisinvention. Such elastomers include, but are not limited to,polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber (“EPR”),styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as“SI”, “SIS”, “SB”, “SBS”, “SIBS”, and the like, where “5” is styrene,“I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), polyalkenamers such as, forexample, polyoctenamer, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, alkyl acrylaterubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprenerubber, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Examples of solid spheres made from polyamides compositions and otherpolymer compositions and their respective properties, which may be usedin accordance with this invention, are described in the following TableV. In the Examples provided in Table V, solid spheres (1.55 inchdiameter) were formed by combining various compositions in an injectionmolding machine, or first in a twin screw extruder. The relative amountsof each component used are reported in weight %, based on the totalweight of the composition. The spheres were conditioned for two weeks at23° C. and 50% RH after molding before they were measured. By the term,“molded sphere”, as used herein, it is meant a solid sphere (1.55 inchdiameter) formed and conditioned in the above-described manner. The COR,compression, and hardness of the spheres are reported in Table V.Referring to FIG. 3, a graph showing the Coefficient of Restitution(COR) of the Sphere Samples in Table V plotted against the Hardness ofthese Samples is provided in Table V.

In Table V, the following polyamides are particularly preferred becauseof their transparent optical nature: Grilamid TR90; Grivory GTR45;Rilsan Clear G 300HI; Pebax CLR300; and Grilamid TR XE 4113.

TABLE V Spheres Made from Polyamide Compositions and Other PolymerCompositions 2nd 3rd CoR Shore Shore 1^(st) Ingredient % Ingredient %Ingredient % @125 Atti D C *Grilamid TR90 50 Fusabond 50 0.663 125 59.687.1 N525 *Grilamid TR90 50 HPF2000 50 broke 159 71.7 99.1 *GrilamidTR90 50 Hytrel 3078 50 0.679 126 59.5 89.4 *Grilamid TR90 50 Pebax 253350 0.664 109 50.9 80.3 *Grivory GTR45 50 Fusabond 50 0.633 105 56.2 81.1N525 *Grivory GTR45 90 Fusabond 10 0.784 182 81.8 100 N525 *GrivoryGTR45 67 NBR 6300 33 0.664 176 74.5 99.9 *HPF 2000 90 Grivory GTR45 100.836  93 52.0 80.4 *HPF 2000 80 Grivory GTR45 20 0.818 107 54.7 83.7*HPF 2000 70 Grivory GTR45 30 0.798 117 56.6 86.6 *HPF 2000 60 GrivoryGTR45 40 0.773 131 59.5 90.2 HPF 2000 75 Pebax 2533 25 0.822  66 44.270.3 HPF 2000 50 Pebax 2533 50 0.774  41 36.7 61.4 HPF 2000 25 Pebax2533 75 0.718  4 28.5 50.0 HPF 2000 90 Pebax X2009 10 broke broke 51.678.6 HPF 2000 80 Pebax X2009 20 broke 104 52.2 80.3 HPF 2000 50 GrilamidRDS 50 broke 145 67.5 95.7 4835 *Surlyn 9320 50 Grivory GTR 40 Zinc 100.610 125 56.9 87.1 45 Stearate Pebax 2533 100 0.679 −36 25.7 44.6*Grilamid TR90 100 0.836 179 82.7 — Grilamid RDS 100 0.810 175 80.8 1004835 *Grivory GTR45 100 0.867 184 88.0 100 Pebax X2009 100 0.655 17575.4 99.3 *Rilsan Clear G 100 0.760 169 72.6 99.0 300 HI HPF2000 1000.857  85 77.6 47.5 Surlyn 9320 100 0.559  37 62.1 37.2 Fusabond N525100 0.670 −45 41.6 26.0 Hytrel 3078 100 0.721 −10 52.3 29.9 Pebax 3533100 0.693  14 31.6 53.9 Pebax 5533 100 0.622 123 59.7 84.4 Pebax 4033100 0.621  79 45.5 71.3 Pebax 6333 100 0.592 148 68.1 92.6 Pebax 7233100 0.620 172 75.2 98.9 *Pebax CLR300 100 0.618 141 59.8 88.0 Pebax RNEW100 0.673  −24* 25.1 44.6 25R53 SP 01 Pebax 4533 SP 01 100 0.697  83*41.5 71.6 Pebax MV1074 100 0.713  95 44.2 75.3 SA 01 Pebax MH1657 1000.676  91 47.4 73.9 Grivory G355NZ 100 0.756 180 80.5 100 *Grilamid TRXE 100 0.788 176 80.8 100 4113 Grivory RDS 4836 100 broke 178 84.7 100Nat. Nyconomer 973 100 broke 156 67.8 92.2 Polyamide 12 100 broke 17876.7 100 Ultramid B-3 100 0.732 186 85.6 100 Nylon * calculated from DCMcompression *Compositions containing transparent polyamides. Grilamid TR90, RDS 4835, TR XE 4113, Grivory GTR 45, RDS 4836 Nat, and G355 NZ areall available from EMS-Chemie (Switzerland). The TR, G, and GTR gradesare transparent. Pebax 2533, 3533, 3033, 5533, X2009, 6333, 7233, CLR300, RNEW 25R53 SP01, 4533 SP01, MV1074 SA 01, and MH 1657 are allavailable from Arkema (King of Prussia, PA). Surlyn 9320 is a VLMIionomer available from DuPont (Wilmington DE). Fusabond N525 is a maleicanhydride modified polyolefin available from DuPont. Hytrel 3078 is apolyether-ester block copolymer available from DuPont. HPF 2000 is anionomer resin available from DuPont. Ultramid B-3 is a Nylon 6 availablefrom the BASF Corp (US offices in Florham Park, NJ). Nyconomer 973 is aNylon available from NYCOA (Manchester, NH). NBR 6300 is anacrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (30% acrylonitrile content) partitionedwith calcium carbonate available from Alpha Plastic Chemicals (UK).

TABLE VA Spheres Made from Polyamide/Plasticizer Compositions 1^(st)2^(nd) CoR Com- Shore D Shore C Ingre- Ingre- @125 pression Hard- Hard-dient % dient % ft/s (DCM) ness ness Pebax  90 Ethyl 10 0.637 62 35.162.8 4033 Oleate Pebax 100 0.623 89 40.9 69.0 4033

As shown in the above Tables V and VA, various polyamide compositionsmay be made in accordance with this invention. The composition mayoptionally contain an acid anhydride-modified polyolefin, plasticizer,fatty acid salt, fatty acid amide, fatty acid ester, and mixturesthereof. The resulting polyamide composition may be used to prepare agolf ball component (for example, core, casing, intermediate, or coverlayer) having several advantageous properties.

As noted above, it is significant that a blend comprising transparentpolyamide and acid anhydride-modified polyolefin may be prepared and theresulting composition has excellent properties, particularly suitablefor making golf ball layers. For example, as shown in Table V, a blendof 90% Grivory™ GTR45 transparent polyamide and 10% Fusabond™ N525 acidanhydride-modified polyolefin may be prepared and the resultingcomposition (solid, transparent sphere) has a COR of 0.784, AttiCompression of 182, and Shore D surface hardness of 81.8. In anotherexample, a blend of 50% Grivory™ GTR45 transparent polyamide and 50%Fusabond™ N525 acid anhydride-modified polyolefin may be prepared andthe resulting composition (solid, transparent sphere) has a COR of0.633, Atti Compression of 105, and Shore D surface hardness of 56.2.

As also noted above, it is significant that a blend comprisingtransparent polyamide and plasticizer may be prepared and the resultingcomposition has excellent properties, particularly suitable for makinggolf ball layers. For example, as shown in Table V, a blend of 90% Pebax4033 polyamide and 10% Ethyl Oleate (plasticizer) may be prepared andthe resulting composition (solid, transparent sphere) has a COR of0.637, DCM Compression of 62, and Shore D surface hardness of 35.1.

In other embodiments, it is not necessary for the polyamide to beblended with an acid anhydride-modified polyolefin or any other polymeror non-polymer material. That is, the composition may consist entirelyof the transparent polyamide (that is, 100% by weight polyamide). Inother instances, the composition may consist essentially of thetransparent polyamide (for example, 97 to 100% by weight polyamide).Such polyamide compositions may contain other ingredients that do notmaterially affect the basic and novel characteristics of thecomposition. For example, mineral fillers may be added as discussedfurther below. In one particular version, the composition consistsessentially of transparent polyether-amide block copolymer such as theabove-mentioned Rilsan G300 HI, Pebax Clear 300, or Pebax Clear 400(Arkema, Inc.).

For example, as shown in Table V, a composition consisting of 100%Rilsan G300 HI transparent copolyamide may be prepared and the resultingsolid, transparent sphere has a COR of 0.760, Atti Compression of 169,and Shore D surface hardness of 72.6.

In general, the spheres made from the compositions comprising thetransparent polyamides have relatively high Coefficient of Restitution(COR) values at given compression and hardness values. In oneembodiment, the molded sphere comprising the polyamide composition has aCOR of at least about 0.700, preferably at least about 0.750; an AttiCompression of at least about 90, preferably at least about 150; andShore D surface hardness of about 60 to about 95, preferably about 65 toabout 80.

It should be understood the golf ball materials, compositions,constructions, products, and methods for making the golf balls describedand illustrated herein represent only some embodiments of the invention.Other compositions, constructions, and products can be made inaccordance with this invention.

Flex Modulus and Hardness of Composition

As discussed above, the polyamide composition may be used to form anouter core and a rubber composition may be used to form an inner core.In one embodiment, a relatively stiff polyamide composition that doesnot contain any plasticizer is used, while the rubber composition isrelatively flexible. That is, in one embodiment, the flex modulus andhardness of the polyamide material is greater than the flex modulus andhardness of the rubber material.

More particularly, in one embodiment, the polyamide composition has aflex modulus lower limit of 20,000 or 30,000 or 40,000 or 50,000 or60,000 or 70,000 or 80,000 or 90,000 or 100,000; and a flex modulusupper limit of 110,000 or 120,000 or 130,000 psi or 140,000 or 160,000or 180,000 or 200,000 or 300,000 or 400,000 or 500,000 psi or greater.In general, the properties of flex modulus and hardness are related,whereby flex modulus measures the material's resistance to bending andhardness measures the material's resistance to indentation. In general,as the flex modulus of the material increases, the hardness of thematerial also increases. Thus, in one embodiment, the polyamidecomposition is relatively hard having a hardness of 40 Shore D orgreater, or 50 Shore D or greater, or 60 Shore D or greater, or within arange having a lower limit of 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 or 60 Shore D and anupper limit of 70 or 80 or 90 or 100 Shore D.

Conversely, in one preferred version, the rubber composition isrelatively flexible. More particularly, in one embodiment, the rubbercomposition has a flex modulus lower limit of 1,000 or 5,000 or 10,000or 10,000 or 15,000 or 20,000 or 25,000 or 30,000 psi and an upper limitof 40,000 or 45,000 or 50,000 or 60,000 or 70,000 or 80,000 psi. Asdiscussed above, the hardness and flex modulus of the material aregenerally related and as the hardness of the material decreases, theflex modulus of the material also decreases. Thus, in one embodiment,the rubber composition has a hardness of 30 Shore D or less; or 40 ShoreD or less; or 50 Shore D or less; or 60 Shore D or less. In anotherembodiment, the hardness of the rubber composition falls within a rangehaving a lower limit of 15 or 30 or 40 or 50 Shore D and an upper limitof 60 or 70 or 80 or 85 Shore D.

The flexural modulus can be determined in accordance with ASTM D790standard among other testing procedures. In some instances, it may bemore feasible to measure the hardness of the golf ball layer (that is,“hardness on the ball”), and this test method also is described below.

Additives and Fillers

A wide variety of additives and fillers may be included in the finalpolyamide composition. Suitable additives and mineral fillers include,for example, precipitated hydrated silica, clay, talc, asbestos, glassfibers, aramid fibers, mica, calcium metasilicate, barium sulfate, zincsulfide, lithopone, silicates, silicon carbide, diatomaceous earth,polyvinyl chloride, carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesiumcarbonate. Suitable metal fillers include titanium, tungsten, aluminum,bismuth, nickel, molybdenum, iron, lead, copper, boron, cobalt,beryllium, zinc, and tin. Suitable metal alloys include steel, brass,bronze, boron carbide whiskers, and tungsten carbide whiskers. Suitablemetal oxide fillers include zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide,titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and zirconium oxide. Suitableparticulate carbonaceous fillers include graphite, carbon black, cottonflock, natural bitumen, cellulose flock, and leather fiber. Microballoon fillers such as glass and ceramic, and fly ash fillers can alsobe used.

Other additives and fillers include, but are not limited to, chemicalblowing and foaming agents, optical brighteners, coloring agents,fluorescent agents, whitening agents, ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers,UV light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, antioxidants,stabilizers, softening agents, fragrance components, plasticizers, andimpact modifiers. In a particular embodiment, the total amount ofadditive(s) and filler(s) present in the polyamide composition is 25 wt.% or less, 20 wt. % or less, 15 wt. % or less, or 12 wt. % or less, or10 wt. % or less, or 9 wt. % or less, or 6 wt. % or less, or 5 wt. % orless, or 4 wt. % or less, or 3 wt. % or less, based on the total weightof the polyamide composition. More particularly, the polyamidecomposition may include filler(s) selected from carbon black, nanoclays(e.g., Cloisite® and Nanofil® nanoclays, commercially available fromSouthern Clay Products, Inc., and Nanomax® and Nanomer® nanoclays,commercially available from Nanocor, Inc.), talc (e.g., Luzenac HAR®high aspect ratio talcs, commercially available from Luzenac America,Inc.), glass (e.g., glass flake, milled glass, and microglass), mica andmica-based pigments (e.g., Iriodin® pearl luster pigments, commerciallyavailable from The Merck Group), and combinations thereof. Organic fibermicropulp also may be added. Polyamide-clay nanocomposites such as anamorphous polyamide resin containing a clay material uniformly dispersedtherein, as disclosed in Lan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,591 also may beused in the polyamide composition. In another version, the polyamidecompositions may contain carbon fibers or carbon fiber sheets comprisinga weave of thin carbon fibers held together in a resin.

Core Structure

As discussed above, the core is preferably a dual-core comprising aninner core (center) made from a rubber composition and a surroundingouter core layer made from the polyamide composition of this invention.Single-layered cores made of the polyamide compositions also may be usedin the golf ball construction.

Any suitable rubber composition known in the art may be used to make theinner core (center) of the ball in accordance with this invention. Ingeneral, such rubber compositions contain a base rubber, free-radicalinitiators, crosslinking agents, and filler. Suitable base rubbersinclude, for example, polybutadiene, ethylene-propylene rubber,ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene rubber,polyalkenamers, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, or polystyreneelastomers.

Examples of commercially-available polybutadiene rubbers that can beused in accordance with this invention, include, but are not limited to,BR 01 and BR 1220, available from BST Elastomers of Bangkok, Thailand;SE BR 1220LA and SE BR1203, available from DOW Chemical Co of Midland,Mich.; BUDENE 1207, 1207s, 1208, and 1280 available from Goodyear, Inc.of Akron, Ohio; BR 01, 51 and 730, available from Japan Synthetic Rubber(JSR) of Tokyo, Japan; BUNA CB 21, CB 22, CB 23, CB 24, CB 25, CB 29MES, CB 60, CB Nd 60, CB 55 NF, CB 70 B, CB KA 8967, and CB 1221,available from Lanxess Corp. of Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania; BR1208,available from LG Chemical of Seoul, South Korea; UBEPOL BR130B, BR150,BR150B, BR150L, BR230, BR360L, BR710, and VCR617, available from UBEIndustries, Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan; EUROPRENE NEOCIS BR 60, INTENE 60 AFand P30AF, and EUROPRENE BR HV80, available from Polimeri Europa ofRome, Italy; AFDENE 50 and NEODENE BR40, BR45, BR50 and BR60, availablefrom Karbochem (PTY) Ltd. of Bruma, South Africa; KBR 01, NdBr 40,NdBR-45, NdBr 60, KBR 710S, KBR 710H, and KBR 750, available from KumhoPetrochemical Co., Ltd. Of Seoul, South Korea; DIENE 55NF, 70AC, and 320AC, available from Firestone Polymers of Akron, Ohio; and PBR-Nd GroupII and Group III, available from Nizhnekamskneftekhim, Inc. ofNizhnekamsk, Tartarstan Republic.

The rubber compositions of this invention may be cured, either bypre-blending or post-blending, using conventional curing processes.Suitable curing processes include, for example, peroxide-curing,sulfur-curing, high-energy radiation, and combinations thereof.Preferably, the rubber composition contains a free-radical initiatorselected from organic peroxides, high energy radiation sources capableof generating free-radicals, and combinations thereof. In one preferredversion, the rubber composition is peroxide-cured. Suitable organicperoxides include, but are not limited to, dicumyl peroxide;n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate;1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide;di-t-amyl peroxide; t-butyl peroxide; t-butyl cumyl peroxide;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3;di(2-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; dilauroyl peroxide; dibenzoylperoxide; t-butyl hydroperoxide; and combinations thereof. In aparticular embodiment, the free radical initiator is dicumyl peroxide,including, but not limited to Perkadox® BC, commercially available fromAkzo Nobel.

Radical scavengers such as a halogenated organosulfur or metal saltthereof, organic disulfide, or inorganic disulfide compounds may beadded to the rubber composition. These compounds also may function as“soft and fast agents.” As used herein, “soft and fast agent” means anycompound or a blend thereof that is capable of making a core: 1) softer(having a lower compression) at a constant “coefficient of restitution”(COR); and/or 2) faster (having a higher COR at equal compression), whencompared to a core equivalently prepared without a soft and fast agent.Preferred halogenated organosulfur compounds include, but are notlimited to, pentachlorothiophenol (PCTP) and salts of PCTP such as zincpentachlorothiophenol (ZnPCTP). Using PCTP and ZnPCTP in golf ball innercores helps produce softer and faster inner cores. The PCTP and ZnPCTPcompounds help increase the resiliency and the coefficient ofrestitution of the core. In a particular embodiment, the soft and fastagent is selected from ZnPCTP, PCTP, ditolyl disulfide, diphenyldisulfide, dixylyl disulfide, 2-nitroresorcinol, and combinationsthereof.

The rubber compositions of the present invention also may includefillers, which are added to adjust the density and/or specific gravityof the material. Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to,polymeric or mineral fillers, metal fillers, metal alloy fillers, metaloxide fillers and carbonaceous fillers. The fillers can be in anysuitable form including, but not limited to, flakes, fibers, whiskers,fibrils, plates, particles, and powders. Rubber regrind, which isground, recycled rubber material (for example, ground to about 30 meshparticle size) obtained from discarded rubber golf ball cores, also canbe used as a filler. The amount and type of fillers utilized aregoverned by the amount and weight of other ingredients in the golf ball,since a maximum golf ball weight of 45.93 g (1.62 ounces) has beenestablished by the United States Golf Association (USGA).

Preferably, the base rubber material is polybutadiene rubber, and thismaterial may be blended with other elastomers in accordance with thisinvention. Other elastomers include, but are not limited to,polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber (“EPR”),styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as“SI”, “SIS”, “SB”, “SBS”, “SIBS”, and the like, where “S” is styrene,“I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), polyalkenamers such as, forexample, polyoctenamer, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyreneelastomers, polyethylene elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyureaelastomers, metallocene-catalyzed elastomers and plastomers, copolymersof isobutylene and p-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutyleneand p-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile,polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber,acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and combinations of two ormore thereof.

The rubber compositions also preferably include a reactive cross-linkingco-agent. Suitable co-agents include, but are not limited to, metalsalts of unsaturated carboxylic acids having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms;unsaturated vinyl compounds and polyfunctional monomers (e.g.,trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate); phenylene bismaleimide; andcombinations thereof. Particular examples of suitable metal saltsinclude, but are not limited to, one or more metal salts of acrylates,diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates, wherein the metal isselected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, lithium, and nickel.In a particular embodiment, the co-agent is selected from zinc salts ofacrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates. In anotherparticular embodiment, the agent is zinc diacrylate (ZDA).

In one version, the surface hardness of the outer core layer(polyamide/acid anhydride-modified polyolefin is greater than the centerhardness of the inner core (rubber composition). That is, the corestructure has a “positive” hardness gradient as discussed further below.Preferably, the inner core has a center hardness (CH) within a rangehaving a lower limit of 15 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or 55Shore D and an upper limit of 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 or 85 or 90Shore D. The center hardness in Shore C has a lower limit of 20, 30, 40,or 50 and an upper limit of 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95. The inner core(center) also preferably has a surface hardness (ICSH) within a rangehaving a lower limit of 15 or 20 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or 55Shore D and an upper limit of 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 or 85 or 90Shore D. Meanwhile, the outer core layer preferably has a surfacehardness (OCLSH) within a range having a lower limit of 40 or 45 or 50or 55 Shore D and an upper limit of 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 or 85 or90 Shore D. The outer core layer hardness in Shore C has a lower limitof 20, 30, 40, or 50 and an upper limit of 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95. In analternative version, the polyamide/acid anhydride-modified polyolefincomposition is used to form the inner core, while the rubber compositionis used to form the outer core. In one instance, the surface hardness ofthe outer core layer (rubber-containing) is greater than the centerhardness of the inner core (polyamide-containing). That is, the corestructure has a positive hardness gradient as discussed further below.In another instance, the center hardness of the inner core(polyamide-containing) is greater than the surface hardness of the outercore layer (rubber-containing). That is, the core structure has a“negative’ hardness gradient as discussed further below.

Particularly, in one preferred instance, the center hardness of theinner core is in the range of about 15 to about 82 Shore D and thesurface hardness of the outer core is in the range of about 40 to about87 Shore D. More preferably, the center hardness of the inner core isabout 15 Shore D or greater and the surface hardness of the outer coreis about 50 Shore D or greater. In these instances, the surface hardness(outer core) is preferably at least 5 Shore D greater than the centerhardness (inner core).

As discussed above, in another instance, the center hardness of theinner core is greater than the surface hardness of the outer core layer.For example, the center hardness may be about 50 Shore D units orgreater and the surface hardness of the outer core may be about 15 ShoreD units or greater. In these instances, the center hardness (inner core)is preferably at least 5 Shore D units greater than the surface hardness(outer core).

In one preferred golf ball, the inner core (center) has a “positive”hardness gradient (that is, the outer surface of the inner core isharder than its geometric center) and the outer core layer has a“positive” hardness gradient (that is, the outer surface of the outercore layer is harder than the inner surface of the outer core layer.) Incases where both the inner core and outer core layer have “positive”hardness gradients, the outer surface hardness of the outer core layeris still preferably greater than the material hardness of the inner core(center).

In another version, the inner core (center) has a positive hardnessgradient, while the outer core layer has a “negative” hardness gradient(that is, the outer surface of the outer core layer is softer than theinner surface of the outer core layer.) In yet another version, theouter core layer may have a “zero” hardness gradient. (That is, thehardness values of the outer surface of the outer core layer and theinner surface of the outer core layer are substantially the same.)Particularly, the term, “zero hardness gradient” as used herein, means asurface to center (or second surface) Shore C hardness gradient of lessthan 8, preferably less than 5 and most preferably less than 3 and mayhave a value of zero or negative 1 to negative 25. The term, “negativehardness gradient” as used herein, means a surface to center (or secondsurface) Shore C hardness gradient of less than zero. The terms, “zerohardness gradient” and “negative hardness gradient,” may be used hereininterchangeably to refer to hardness gradients of negative 1 to negative25. The term, “positive hardness gradient” as used herein, means asurface to center (or second surface) Shore C hardness gradient of 8 orgreater, preferably 10 or greater, and most preferably 20 or greater. Bythe term, “steep positive hardness gradient” as used herein, it is meantsurface to center (or second surface) Shore C hardness gradient of 20 orgreater, more preferably 25 or greater, and most preferably 30 orgreater. For example, the core may have a steep positive hardnessgradient of 35, 40, or 45 Shore C or greater.

In one particular version, the hardness gradient from the geometriccenter of the inner core to the surface of the outer core layer is apositive hardness gradient. That is, the outer surface of the outer corelayer is harder than the center of the inner core. Methods for measuringthe hardness of the core and cover layers and determining the hardnessgradients are discussed in further detail below.

As discussed above, the dual-core constitutes an inner core (center) andan outer core layer. The inner core preferably has a diameter within arange having a lower limit of 0.125 or 0.130 or 0.140 or 0.150 or 0.20or 0.40 or 0.80 inches and an upper limit of 1.125 or 1.20 or 1.40 or1.50 or 1.55 inches. More preferably, the inner core has a diameter inthe range of about 0.125 to about 1.50 inches. The outer core preferablyhas a thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or0.025 or 0.030 or 0.035 or 0.040 inches and an upper limit of 0.070 or0.080 or 0.090 or 0.100 or 0.120 or 0.140 or 0.300 or 0.400 or 0.500 or0.600 or 0.700 inches. Particularly, the outer core layer may have athickness in the range of about 0.010 to about 0.570 inches and morepreferably in the range of about 0.020 to about 0.280 inches. In otherembodiments, particularly when the polyamide composition is used to formthe inner core, the inner core may be smaller. For example, the innercore may have a diameter in the range of about 0.050 to about 1.40inches, more preferably about 0.100 to about 0.700 inches. In suchcases, the outer core layer may have a thickness in the range of about0.020 to about 0.650 inches. The outer core layer encloses the innercore such that the two-layered core has an overall diameter within arange having a lower limit of 1.20 or 1.30 or 1.40 or 1.50 or 1.51 or1.52 or 1.525 inches and an upper limit of 1.54 or 1.55 or 1.555 or 1.56or 1.59 or 1.62 or 1.64 inches.

Cover Structure

The golf ball cores of this invention may be enclosed with one or morecover layers. For example, golf ball having inner and outer cover layersmay be made. In addition, as discussed above, an intermediate (mantle)layer may be disposed between the core and cover layers. Theintermediate layer preferably has good moisture vapor barrier propertiesto prevent moisture from penetrating into the core structure. The coverlayers preferably have good impact durability and scuff-resistance. Thepolyamide compositions of this invention may be used to form at leastone of the intermediate and/or cover layers. In other versions, theintermediate layer and cover layers are formed from polymeric materialsother than the polyamide compositions of this invention.

For example, the golf ball sub-assembly may include a core (and optionalintermediate layer), and an inner cover layer disposed about the corestructure. Then, an outer cover comprising the polyamide composition ofthis invention may be applied over the inner cover. In another version,the golf ball sub-assembly includes the core (and optional intermediatelayer) and an inner cover comprising the polyamide composition of thisinvention disposed about the core. An outer cover made of a polyamide orother polymer material may be applied over the polyamide inner cover. Insome versions, the inner cover layer is harder than the outer coverlayer; while in other versions, the hardness level is reversed, that is,the outer cover layer is harder than the inner cover.

More particularly, in one version, a golf ball comprising a rubber core,an inner cover layer formed from an ionomer resin, and an outer coverlayer formed from the polyamide composition of this invention, whereinthe polyamide outer cover is softer than the ionomer inner cover, ismade. In another version, a golf ball comprising a rubber core, an innercover layer formed from the polyamide composition of this invention, andan outer cover layer formed from an ionomer resin, wherein the polyamideinner cover is softer than the ionomer outer cover, is made. In yetanother version, a golf ball comprising a rubber core, an inner covermade from a relatively soft thermoplastic material such Hytrel®polyester-ether block copolymer or soft ionomer resin, and a relativelyhard outer cover layer formed from the polyamide composition of thisinvention is formed. In this version, the polyamide outer cover isharder than the softer, thermoplastic inner cover.

As discussed above, the polyamide composition of this invention may beused to form one or more layers of the golf ball including, but notlimited to core, intermediate, and cover layers. A wide variety of othermaterials may be used to form the layers of the golf ball in accordancewith this invention including, but not limited to, polyurethanes;polyureas; copolymers, blends and hybrids of polyurethane and polyurea;ethylene acid copolymer ionomer resins (for example, Surlyn® ionomerresins and HPF® 1000 and HPF® 2000, commercially available from DuPont;Iotek® ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil ChemicalCompany; Amplify® 10 ionomers of ethylene acrylic acid copolymers,commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Clarix®ionomer resins, commercially available from A. Schulman Inc.);polyethylene, including, for example, low density polyethylene, linearlow density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene; polypropylene;rubber-toughened olefin polymers; acid copolymers, for example,poly(meth)acrylic acid, which do not become part of an ionomericcopolymer; plastomers; flexomers; styrene/butadiene/styrene blockcopolymers; styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene block copolymers;dynamically vulcanized elastomers; copolymers of ethylene and vinylacetates; copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylates; polyvinylchloride resins; polyamides, poly(amide-ester) elastomers, and graftcopolymers of ionomer and polyamide including, for example, Pebax®thermoplastic polyether block amides, commercially available from ArkemaInc; cross-linked trans-polyisoprene and blends thereof; polyester-basedthermoplastic elastomers, such as Hytrel®, commercially available fromDuPont; polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers, such asElastollan®, commercially available from BASF; synthetic or naturalvulcanized rubber; and combinations thereof. Castable polyurethanes,polyureas, and hybrids of polyurethanes-polyureas are particularlydesirable because these materials can be used to help make a golf ballhaving high resiliency and a soft feel. By the term, “hybrids ofpolyurethane and polyurea,” it is meant to include copolymers and blendsof polyurethanes and polyureas.

Polyurethanes, polyureas, and blends, copolymers, and hybrids ofpolyurethane/polyurea are also particularly suitable for forming coverlayers. When used as cover layer materials, polyurethanes and polyureascan be thermoset or thermoplastic. Thermoset materials can be formedinto golf ball layers by conventional casting or reaction injectionmolding techniques. Thermoplastic materials can be formed into golf balllayers by conventional compression or injection molding techniques.

In one preferred embodiment, the ball includes a dual-cover comprisinginner and outer cover layers. The inner cover layer is preferably formedfrom a composition comprising an ionomer or a blend of two or moreionomers that helps impart hardness to the ball. The inner cover layerpreferably has a material hardness of 95 Shore C or less, or less than95 Shore C, or 92 Shore C or less, or 90 Shore C or less, or a materialhardness within a range having a lower limit of 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 or80 or 84 or 85 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 92 or 95 Shore C. Thethickness of the inner cover layer is preferably within a range having alower limit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.030 inches and an upperlimit of 0.035 or 0.045 or 0.080 or 0.120 inches. The outer cover layerpreferably has a material hardness of 85 Shore C or less. The thicknessof the outer cover layer is preferably within a range having a lowerlimit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.025 inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or0.040 or 0.055 or 0.080 inches.

In a particular embodiment, the inner cover layer is formed from acomposition comprising a high acid ionomer. A particularly suitable highacid ionomer is Surlyn 8150® (DuPont). Surlyn 8150® is a copolymer ofethylene and methacrylic acid, having an acid content of 19 wt %, whichis 45% neutralized with sodium. In another particular embodiment, theinner cover layer is formed from a composition comprising a high acidionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer. Aparticularly suitable maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is Fusabond 525D®(DuPont), which is a maleic anhydride-grafted, metallocene-catalyzedethylene-butene copolymer having about 0.9 wt % maleic anhydride graftedonto the copolymer. One example of a blend of high acid ionomer andmaleic anhydride-grafted polymer is 84 wt. %/16 wt. % blend of Surlyn8150® and Fusabond 525D®. Blends of high acid ionomers with maleicanhydride-grafted polymers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and 6,677,401, the entire disclosures of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, the inner cover layer is formed from acomposition comprising a 50/45/5 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn®9650/Nucrel® 960, and, in a particularly preferred embodiment, has amaterial hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C. In another particularembodiment, the inner cover layer is formed from a compositioncomprising a 50/25/25 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910,preferably having a material hardness of about 90 Shore C. In onepreferred version, a blend of 50% Surlyn® 7940 and 50% Surlyn® 8940 isused to form the inner cover. In yet another embodiment, the inner coverlayer is preferably formed from a composition comprising a 50/50 blendof Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650, preferably having a material hardness ofabout 86 Shore C. Surlyn® 8940 is an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymerin which the MAA acid groups have been partially neutralized with sodiumions. Surlyn® 9650 and Surlyn® 9910 are two different grades ofethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer in which the MAA acid groups havebeen partially neutralized with zinc ions. Surlyn® 7940 is a copolymerof about 85% ethylene and 15% methacrylic acid that has been neutralizedwith lithium ions. Nucrel® 960 is an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymerresin nominally made with 15 wt % methacrylic acid, and available fromDuPont.

As discussed above, the dual-core of the golf ball may be enclosed witha single-layered or multi-layered covers. In one embodiment, asingle-layered cover having a thickness in the range of about 0.015 toabout 0.090 inches, more preferably about 0.030 to about 0.070 inches,is formed. The cover has a hardness of about Shore D 80 or less, morepreferably 70 or less, and most preferably about 60 or less. In anotherembodiment, a multi-layered cover comprising inner and outer coverlayers is formed, where the inner cover layer preferably has a thicknessof about 0.011 inches to about 0.110 inches, more preferably about 0.02inches to about 0.08 inches. In this version, the inner cover layer isformed from a blend of partially- or fully-neutralized ionomers, and thecover has a Shore D hardness of greater than about 55, more preferablygreater than about 60, and most preferably greater than about 65. Theouter cover layer, in this embodiment, preferably has a thickness ofabout 0.010 inches to about 0.100 inches, more preferably about 0.02inches to about 0.06 inches, and most preferably about 0.025 inches toabout 0.045 inches, with a hardness of about 80 Shore D or less, morepreferably 70 or less, and most preferably about 60 or less. Thus, thecover may comprise two or more layers and preferably has an overallthickness of about 0.020 to about 0.160 inches. The inner cover layer isharder than the outer cover layer in this version. In one example, theouter cover layer is formed from a castable or reaction injection moldedpolyurethane, polyurea or copolymer, blend, or hybrid thereof having aShore D hardness of about 40 to about 50. In another multi-layer cover,dual-core embodiment, the outer cover and inner cover layer materialsand thickness are the same but, the hardness range is reversed; that is,the outer cover layer is harder than the inner cover layer.

Golf Ball Constructions

As discussed above, the thermoplastic polyamide compositions of thisinvention may be used to form a core for any suitable ball construction,including, for example, two-piece, three-piece, four-piece, andfive-piece designs.

The solid cores for the golf balls of this invention may be made usingany suitable conventional technique such as, for example, compression orinjection molding. Typically, the inner core is formed by compressionmolding a slug of uncured or lightly cured rubber material into aspherical structure. The outer core, which surrounds the inner core, isformed by molding the polyamide composition over the inner core.Compression or injection molding techniques may be used. Then, theintermediate and/or cover layers are applied. Prior to this step, thecore structure may be surface-treated to increase the adhesion betweenits outer surface and the next layer that will be applied over the core.Such surface-treatment may include mechanically or chemically-abradingthe outer surface of the core. For example, the core may be subjected tocorona-discharge, plasma-treatment, silane-dipping, or other treatmentmethods known to those in the art.

The cover layers are formed over the core or ball subassembly (the corestructure and any intermediate layers disposed about the core) using asuitable technique such as, for example, compression-molding,flip-molding, injection-molding, retractable pin injection-molding,reaction injection-molding (RIM), liquid injection-molding, casting,spraying, powder-coating, vacuum-forming, flow-coating, dipping,spin-coating, and the like. Preferably, each cover layer is separatelyformed over the ball subassembly. For example, an ethylene acidcopolymer ionomer composition may be injection-molded to producehalf-shells. Alternatively, the ionomer composition can be placed into acompression mold and molded under sufficient pressure, temperature, andtime to produce the hemispherical shells. The smooth-surfacedhemispherical shells are then placed around the ball subassembly in acompression mold. Under sufficient heating and pressure, the shells fusetogether to form an inner cover layer that surrounds the subassembly. Inanother method, the ionomer composition is injection-molded directlyonto the core using retractable pin injection molding. An outer coverlayer comprising a polyurethane composition may be formed by using acasting process.

For example, in one version of the casting process, a liquid mixture ofreactive polyurethane prepolymer and chain-extender (curing agent) ispoured into lower and upper mold cavities. Then, the golf ballsubassembly is lowered at a controlled speed into the reactive mixture.Ball suction cups can hold the ball subassembly in place via reducedpressure or partial vacuum. After sufficient gelling of the reactivemixture (typically about 4 to about 12 seconds), the vacuum is removedand the intermediate ball is released into the mold cavity. Then, theupper mold cavity is mated with the lower mold cavity under sufficientpressure and heat. An exothermic reaction occurs when the polyurethaneprepolymer and chain extender are mixed and this continues until thecover material encapsulates and solidifies around the ball subassembly.Finally, the molded balls are cooled in the mold and removed when themolded cover is hard enough so that it can be handled withoutdeformation.

After the golf balls have been removed from the mold, they may besubjected to finishing steps such as flash-trimming, surface-treatment,marking, coating, and the like using techniques known in the art. Forexample, in traditional white-colored golf balls, the white-pigmentedcover may be surface-treated using a suitable method such as, forexample, corona, plasma, or ultraviolet (UV) light-treatment. Then,indicia such as trademarks, symbols, logos, letters, and the like may beprinted on the ball's cover using pad-printing, ink-jet printing,dye-sublimation, or other suitable printing methods. Clear surfacecoatings (for example, primer and top-coats), which may contain afluorescent whitening agent, are applied to the cover. The resultinggolf ball has a glossy and durable surface finish.

In another finishing process, the golf balls are painted with one ormore paint coatings. For example, white primer paint may be appliedfirst to the surface of the ball and then a white top-coat of paint maybe applied over the primer. Of course, the golf ball may be painted withother colors, for example, red, blue, orange, and yellow. As notedabove, markings such as trademarks and logos may be applied to thepainted cover of the golf ball. Finally, a clear surface coating may beapplied to the cover to provide a shiny appearance and protect any logosand other markings printed on the ball.

Referring to FIG. 1, one version of a golf ball that can be made inaccordance with this invention is generally indicated at (10). The ball(10) contains a dual-core (14) having an inner core (center) (14 a) andouter core layer (14 b) surrounded by a single-layered cover (16). Thecenter (14 a) is formed preferably from a rubber composition asdiscussed above. The outer core layer (14 b) is formed from a polyamidecomposition as discussed above. In FIG. 2, a golf ball (20) containingthe above-described dual-core (14) is surrounded by a dual-cover (22)having an inner cover layer (22 a) and outer cover layer (22 b), whichmay be formed from any of the cover materials described above.

The surfaces of the golf balls shown in FIGS. 1-2 may have variousdimple patterns to modify the aerodynamic properties of the ball. Itshould be understood the golf balls shown in FIGS. 1-2 are forillustrative purposes only and not meant to be restrictive. Other golfball constructions can be made in accordance with this invention.

For example, a golf ball containing an inner core (center); anintermediate core layer; and an outer core layer may be made. The centerpreferably has a diameter within a range having a lower limit of 0.100or 0.125 or 0.250 inches and an upper limit of 0.375 or 0.500 or 0.750or 1.00 or 1.30 inches. The intermediate core layer preferably has athickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.050 or 0.100 or 0.150or 0.200 inches and an upper limit of 0.300 or 0.350 or 0.400 or 0.500inches. The outer core layer encloses the center and intermediate corelayer structure such that the multi-layer core has an overall diameterwithin a range having a lower limit of 1.40 or 1.45 or 1.50 or 1.55inches and an upper limit of 1.58 or 1.60 or 1.62 or 1.66 inches.

In one embodiment, the inner core (center) is made of the polyamide/acidanhydride-modified composition of this invention. The surroundingintermediate core layer is made of a rubber composition comprising abase rubber such as, for example, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylenepropylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM),styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as“SI”, “SIS”, “SB”, “SBS”, “SIBS”, and the like, where “S” is styrene,“I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), polyalkenamers such as, forexample, polyoctenamer, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, and polystyreneelastomers. Finally, the outer core layer also is made of thepolyamide/acid anhydride-modified composition of this invention.

In the above-described version, the center and outer core layers(polyamide compositions) preferably each has an outer surface hardnessof 40 Shore D or greater, more preferably a surface hardness of 60 ShoreC or greater, and most preferably a surface hardness of 70 Shore C orgreater. For example, the center may have an outer surface hardnesswithin a range having a lower limit of 45 or 55 or 65 Shore D and anupper limit of 75 or 85 or 95 Shore D. Meanwhile, the intermediate corelayer (rubber composition) may have an outer surface hardness that isless than that of the center and is preferably 50 Shore C or less; or 60Shore C or less; or 70 Shore C or less; or 75 Shore C or less; or 80Shore C or less.

It is recognized that additional golf ball constructions can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.For example, in another version, a golf ball containing a multi-layeredcore having: i) an inner core (center) made of a rubber composition asdescribed above; ii) a surrounding intermediate core layer made of thepolyamide composition of this invention; and iii) an outer core layermade of a rubber composition, can be manufactured. In yet anotherversion, both the inner core (center) and intermediate core layer eachare made of a rubber composition; and the outer core layer is made ofthe polyamide composition of this invention. In a further embodiment,both the inner core (center) and intermediate core layer are made of thepolyamide composition of this invention; and the outer core layer ismade of a rubber composition.

Test Methods

Hardness.

The center hardness of a core is obtained according to the followingprocedure. The core is gently pressed into a hemispherical holder havingan internal diameter approximately slightly smaller than the diameter ofthe core, such that the core is held in place in the hemisphericalportion of the holder while concurrently leaving the geometric centralplane of the core exposed. The core is secured in the holder byfriction, such that it will not move during the cutting and grindingsteps, but the friction is not so excessive that distortion of thenatural shape of the core would result. The core is secured such thatthe parting line of the core is roughly parallel to the top of theholder. The diameter of the core is measured 90 degrees to thisorientation prior to securing. A measurement is also made from thebottom of the holder to the top of the core to provide a reference pointfor future calculations. A rough cut is made slightly above the exposedgeometric center of the core using a band saw or other appropriatecutting tool, making sure that the core does not move in the holderduring this step. The remainder of the core, still in the holder, issecured to the base plate of a surface grinding machine. The exposed‘rough’ surface is ground to a smooth, flat surface, revealing thegeometric center of the core, which can be verified by measuring theheight from the bottom of the holder to the exposed surface of the core,making sure that exactly half of the original height of the core, asmeasured above, has been removed to within 0.004 inches. Leaving thecore in the holder, the center of the core is found with a center squareand carefully marked and the hardness is measured at the center markaccording to ASTM D-2240. Additional hardness measurements at anydistance from the center of the core can then be made by drawing a lineradially outward from the center mark, and measuring the hardness at anygiven distance along the line, typically in 2 mm increments from thecenter. The hardness at a particular distance from the center should bemeasured along at least two, preferably four, radial arms located 180°apart, or 90° apart, respectively, and then averaged. All hardnessmeasurements performed on a plane passing through the geometric centerare performed while the core is still in the holder and without havingdisturbed its orientation, such that the test surface is constantlyparallel to the bottom of the holder, and thus also parallel to theproperly aligned foot of the durometer.

The outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer is measured on theactual outer surface of the layer and is obtained from the average of anumber of measurements taken from opposing hemispheres, taking care toavoid making measurements on the parting line of the core or on surfacedefects, such as holes or protrusions. Hardness measurements are madepursuant to ASTM D-2240 “Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic byMeans of a Durometer.” Because of the curved surface, care must be takento ensure that the golf ball or golf ball subassembly is centered underthe durometer indenter before a surface hardness reading is obtained. Acalibrated, digital durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness unitsis used for the hardness measurements. The digital durometer must beattached to, and its foot made parallel to, the base of an automaticstand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conforms to ASTMD-2240.

In certain embodiments, a point or plurality of points measured alongthe “positive” or “negative” gradients may be above or below a line fitthrough the gradient and its outermost and innermost hardness values. Inan alternative preferred embodiment, the hardest point along aparticular steep “positive” or “negative” gradient may be higher thanthe value at the innermost portion of the inner core (the geometriccenter) or outer core layer (the inner surface)—as long as the outermostpoint (i.e., the outer surface of the inner core) is greater than (for“positive”) or lower than (for “negative”) the innermost point (i.e.,the geometric center of the inner core or the inner surface of the outercore layer), such that the “positive” and “negative” gradients remainintact.

As discussed above, the direction of the hardness gradient of a golfball layer is defined by the difference in hardness measurements takenat the outer and inner surfaces of a particular layer. The centerhardness of an inner core and hardness of the outer surface of an innercore in a single-core ball or outer core layer are readily determinedaccording to the test procedures provided above. The outer surface ofthe inner core layer (or other optional intermediate core layers) in adual-core ball are also readily determined according to the proceduresgiven herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf balllayer, if the measurement is made prior to surrounding the layer with anadditional core layer. Once an additional core layer surrounds a layerof interest, the hardness of the inner and outer surfaces of any inneror intermediate layers can be difficult to determine. Therefore, forpurposes of the present invention, when the hardness of the inner orouter surface of a core layer is needed after the inner layer has beensurrounded with another core layer, the test procedure described abovefor measuring a point located 1 mm from an interface is used.

Also, it should be understood that there is a fundamental differencebetween “material hardness” and “hardness as measured directly on a golfball.” For purposes of the present invention, material hardness ismeasured according to ASTM D2240 and generally involves measuring thehardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material. Surfacehardness as measured directly on a golf ball (or other sphericalsurface) typically results in a different hardness value. The differencein “surface hardness” and “material hardness” values is due to severalfactors including, but not limited to, ball construction (that is, coretype, number of cores and/or cover layers, and the like); ball (orsphere) diameter; and the material composition of adjacent layers. Italso should be understood that the two measurement techniques are notlinearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily becorrelated to the other. Shore hardness (for example, Shore C or Shore Dhardness) was measured according to the test method ASTM D-2240. JIS-Chardness was measured according for this Test Method K6301 (JapaneseStandards Association).

Compression.

As disclosed in Jeff Dalton's Compression by Any Other Name, Science andGolf IV, Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf (EricThain ed., Routledge, 2002) (“J. Dalton”), several different methods canbe used to measure compression, including Atti compression, Riehlecompression, load/deflection measurements at a variety of fixed loadsand offsets, and effective modulus. For purposes of the presentinvention, “compression” refers to Atti compression and is measuredaccording to a known procedure, using an Atti compression test device,wherein a piston is used to compress a ball against a spring. The travelof the piston is fixed and the deflection of the spring is measured. Themeasurement of the deflection of the spring does not begin with itscontact with the ball; rather, there is an offset of approximately thefirst 1.25 mm (0.05 inches) of the spring's deflection. Very lowstiffness cores will not cause the spring to deflect by more than 1.25mm and therefore have a zero compression measurement. The Atticompression tester is designed to measure objects having a diameter of42.7 mm (1.68 inches); thus, smaller objects, such as golf ball cores,must be shimmed to a total height of 42.7 mm to obtain an accuratereading. Conversion from Atti compression to Riehle (cores), Riehle(balls), 100 kg deflection, 130-10 kg deflection or effective moduluscan be carried out according to the formulas given in J. Dalton.Compression may be measured as described in McNamara et al., U.S. Pat.No. 7,777,871, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference.

Coefficient of Restitution (“COR”).

The COR is determined according to a known procedure, wherein a golfball or golf ball subassembly (for example, a golf ball core) is firedfrom an air cannon at two given velocities and a velocity of 125 ft/s isused for the calculations. Ballistic light screens are located betweenthe air cannon and steel plate at a fixed distance to measure ballvelocity. As the ball travels toward the steel plate, it activates eachlight screen and the ball's time period at each light screen ismeasured. This provides an incoming transit time period which isinversely proportional to the ball's incoming velocity. The ball makesimpact with the steel plate and rebounds so it passes again through thelight screens. As the rebounding ball activates each light screen, theball's time period at each screen is measured. This provides an outgoingtransit time period which is inversely proportional to the ball'soutgoing velocity. The COR is then calculated as the ratio of the ball'soutgoing transit time period to the ball's incoming transit time period(COR=V_(out)/V_(in)=T_(in)/T_(out)).

When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are set forthherein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values may beused. Other than in the operating examples, or unless otherwiseexpressly specified, all of the numerical ranges, amounts, values andpercentages such as those for amounts of materials and others in thespecification may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” even thoughthe term “about” may not expressly appear with the value, amount orrange. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numericalparameters set forth in the specification and attached claims areapproximations that may vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained by the present invention.

All patents, publications, test procedures, and other references citedherein, including priority documents, are fully incorporated byreference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with thisinvention and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation ispermitted.

It is understood that the compositions and golf ball products describedand illustrated herein represent only some embodiments of the invention.It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes andadditions can be made to compositions and products without departingfrom the spirit and scope of this invention. It is intended that allsuch embodiments be covered by the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. A golf ball, comprising: a) dual core comprising an inner and outer core layer, the inner core having an outer surface and geometric center and the outer core layer having an outer surface and inner surface; the inner core comprising a rubber composition and the outer core layer comprising a polyamide composition, and the polyamide composition comprising about 40 to about 100% by weight transparent polyamide polymer, wherein the center of the inner core and surface of the outer core layer each has a hardness, and the surface hardness of the outer core layer is greater than the center hardness of the inner core; and b) a cover having at least one layer disposed about the core.
 2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyamide composition comprises a transparent polyamide having an amorphous, quasi-amorphous, semicrystalline, or microcrystalline structure.
 3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyamide composition comprises a transparent polyether-amide block copolymer.
 4. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyamide composition comprises a blend of transparent polyamides and non-transparent polyamides.
 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the transparent polyamide has a glass transition temperature in the range of about 75° to about 160° C.
 6. The golf ball of claim 5, wherein the transparent polyamide has a glass transition temperature in the range of about 80° to about 95° C.
 7. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the transparent polyamide has a Charpy notched impact-resistance of at least about 15 kJ/m² at 23° C.
 8. The golf ball of claim 7, wherein the transparent polyamide has a Charpy notched impact-resistance of at least about 50 kJ/m² at 23° C.
 9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the transparent polyamide has a ratio of Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at 23° C. to Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at −30° C. of at least about 2.0.
 10. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the transparent polyamide has a ratio of Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at 23° C. to Charpy notched impact-resistance measured at −30° C. of at least about 4.0.
 11. A molded sphere comprising a polyamide composition of about 40 to about 100% by weight transparent polyamide polymer, wherein the sphere has a Coefficient of Restitution of at least about 0.700; an Atti Compression of at least about 90; and Shore D surface hardness of about 60 to about
 80. 12. The molded sphere of claim 11, wherein the sphere has a Coefficient of Restitution of at least about 0.750; an Atti Compression of at least about 150; and Shore D surface hardness of about 65 to about
 75. 13. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the transparent polyamide has a transparency of at least about 85%.
 14. The golf ball of claim 13, wherein the transparent polyamide has a transparency of at least about 90%.
 15. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the polyamide composition further comprises about 1 to about 60% by weight of an acid anhydride-modified polyolefin.
 16. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the acid anhydride-modified polyolefin is an ethylene-based copolymer and the acid anhydride used to modify the ethylene-based copolymer is selected from the group consisting of maleic, fumaric, nadic, itaconic, and clorendic acid anhydrides, and substituted derivatives thereof.
 17. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a plasticizer.
 18. The golf ball of claim 17, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (BBSA); N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (EBSA); N-propylbenzenesulfonamide (PBSA); N-butyl-N-dodecylbenzenesulfonamide (BDBSA); N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (DMBSA); p-methylbenzenesulfonamide; o,p-toluene sulfonamide; p-toluene sulfonamide; 2-ethylhexyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; hexadecyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; 1-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; dioctyl phthalate; diisodecyl phthalate; di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate; and tri-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, an alkyl or aryl fatty acid ester.
 19. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the center hardness of the inner core is about 15 Shore D or greater and the surface hardness of the outer core is about 40 Shore D or greater, the surface hardness of the outer core layer being greater than the center hardness of the inner core.
 20. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover is a single layer having a thickness of about 0.015 to about 0.090 inches and is formed from a thermoplastic or thermoset material.
 21. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover comprises two or more layers and has an overall thickness of about 0.020 to about 0.160 inches and wherein each cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic or thermoset material.
 22. A golf ball, comprising: a) dual core comprising an inner and outer core layer, the inner core having an outer surface and geometric center and the outer core layer having an outer surface and inner surface; the inner core comprising a polyamide composition, the polyamide composition comprising about 40 to about 100% by weight transparent polyamide polymer; and the outer core layer comprising a rubber composition, wherein the center of the inner core and surface of the outer core layer each has a hardness, and the surface hardness of the outer core layer is greater than the center hardness of the inner core; and b) a cover having at least one layer disposed about the core.
 23. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the polyamide composition further comprises about 1 to about 60% by weight of an acid anhydride-modified polyolefin.
 24. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the composition further comprises a plasticizer.
 25. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the center hardness of the inner core is about 15 Shore D or greater and the surface hardness of the outer core is about 40 Shore D or greater, the surface hardness of the outer core layer being greater than the center hardness of the inner core.
 26. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the polyamide composition comprises a transparent polyether-amide block copolymer.
 27. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the transparent polyamide has a glass transition temperature in the range of about 75° to about 160° C.
 28. The golf ball of claim 22, wherein the transparent polyamide has a Charpy notched impact-resistance of at least about 15 kJ/m² at 23° C. 